Smart+er Grids: Challenges, Arequipa 05 October 2015

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Prof Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt PhD | [email protected] | Copyright © 2015 1/118

Arequipa Perú –5 de Octubre de 2015

Prof Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt PhD

XXII CONEIMERA

mailto:[email protected]

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Power Grid and What Can Go Wrong- Electrical Power Systems

- Power System Structure

- Interconnections


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What is a Electrical Power System?• An electric power system is a network of electrical

components used to supply, transmit and use electric power.


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Power System: DefinitionPower system:

(1) (generating stations electric power system) The electric power sources, conductors, and equipment required to supply electric power. (PE/EDPG) IEEE 505-1977r [1]

(2) (electric) The generation resources and/or transmission facilities operated as an entity to meet load and/or interchange commitments. (PE/PSE) 94-1991w [2]

(3) The generation resources and/or transmission facilities operated under common management or supervision to meet load and interchange commitments. (PE/PSE) 858-1993w [3]

[1] IEEE Standard Nomenclature for Generating Station Electric Power Systems, ANSI/IEEE 505-1977

[2] IEEE Recommended Definitions of Terms for Automatic Generation Control on Electric Power Systems , ANSI/IEEE 94-1991

[3] ANSI/IEEE 858-1993, IEEE Standard Definitions in Power Operations Terminology

If you need more definitions, review: (2000). "IEEE 100 The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms Seventh Edition." IEEE Std 100-2000.Digital Object Identifier : 10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230


http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230

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Power System Structure• Modern Power Systems are complex and

interconnected structures.

• It can be subdivided into four major parts:

• Generation

• Transmission and Sub-transmission

• Distribution

• Loads


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Power System Structure

Hydro

Gas or CC

Nuclear

Coal

• Basics Generation & Transmission.

• Substations & transformers

• Control centres http://tcip.mste.illinois.edu/

Transmission lines

132kV, 275kV & 400kV

Generation Power Station

Generation Power Station


http://tcip.mste.illinois.edu/

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European Interconnection• Head Organization ENTSO-E

• 5 Regional Groups (RG) RGContinental Europe (former UCTE)

• Regulation Zone Germany

4 TSO

(European Network of TransmissionSystem Operators for Electricity)

• 41 TSO

• 34 European countries

• 532 million customers served

• 312,693 km of transmission lines

• 3,174.2 TWh electricity transported

• 423,586 GWh of electricity exchange between

member TSOs

• 1,023,721 MW net generation capacity

connected to the grid

532 Million Customers1,023,721 MW


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Uk Interconnection• National Grid

Transmission System

319 Substations

750 transformers

2743 circuit breakers

1200 Circuits

14000km OHL

635km of underground cable

Installed generation capacity:

≈ 100 GW bulk generation

embedded generation

Demand

≈ 60 GW Peak

20 GW minimum

132kV, 275kV & 400kV

50Hz

http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/electricity/

26 Million Customers

~60 GW

339 TWh in 2014.



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North American Interconnection…North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)

http://www.nerc.com/

Provides electricity to 334 million people; Total electricity demand of 830 gigawatts340,000 kilometers of high-voltage transmission lines Represents more than US$1 trillion worth of assets.

334 Million Customers830,000 MW


http://www.nerc.com/

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Energy Control Centres


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Energy Control Centres

SCADA + EMS + Operation Personnel

“Heart” (eyes & hands, brains) of the power

system!

The National Grid control centre is based at St Catherine's Lodge, Sindlesham, Wokingham in Berkshire in south east England and sometimes described as being a 'secret' location.

As of 2015 the system is under consistent hacker attack via computer systems.


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Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition

• Supervisory control: remote control of field devices.

• Data acquisition: monitoring of field conditions.

• SCADA components:• Master Station: System “Nerve Center” located in ECC.

• Remote terminal units: Gathers data at substations; sends to Master Station.

• Communications: Links Master Station with Field Devices.


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Energy management system (EMS)• System of computer-aided tools used by operators of

electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the generation and/or transmission system.

• Topology processor & network configurator.

• State estimator and power flow model development.

• Automatic generation control (AGC), Optimal power flow (OPF).

• Security assessment and alarm processing.


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Energy Control Centres (3/4)

EMS alarm displayEMS 1-line diagram

Energy control centre with EMS

Substation

SCADA Master Station

Remote

terminal

unit


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Energy Control Centres (4/4)More Energy Control Centres


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What can go Wrong?Almost Anything!!!


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What can go Wrong

MURPHY’S LAWAnything that can go wrong,

Will go wrong.


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Nature: Lightning Lightning

Induced Shove!!!


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Lightning Wind and SnowHurry up, I can’t hold it much longer.

For six days in January 1998, freezing rain coated Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick with 7-11 cm (3-4 in) of ice. Trees and hydro wires fell and utility poles and transmission towers came down causing massive power outages, some for as long as a month. It was the most expensive natural disaster in Canada. According to Environment Canada, the ice storm of 1998 directly affected more people than any other previous weather event in Canadian history.


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Wind!!!


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Deterioration (Insulation Failure)


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WARNINGThe following slides contains

graphic Images that some

viewers may find disturbing


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What Can Go Wrong: Animals• Animals (mainly squirrels & snakes, but

sometimes…).


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What Can Go Wrong: Animals

A squirrel chewed into a power line in Trumbull, Connecticut, where the Nasdaq’s computer center is located, shutting down trading for 34 minutes. It was the second time it had happened (photo credit: cantechletter.com)


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What Can Go Wrong? A SnakeNonvenomous snakes similar to this one, discovered

hanging from an electrical substation in Statesville, N.C.,

have caused three power outages in the past month near

Blackwell, Okla. (Photo By: AP Photo/City of Statesville)


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What Can Go Wrong? A Snake

This three meter long cobra is the culprit that caused a major power failure in Modimolle. The incinerated breaker can be seen in the background (photo credit: diepos.co.za)

http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060615/snake.shtml


http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060615/snake.shtml

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Protecting Wildlife• Protecting Wildlife and Minimizing Outages

Breaker bushing covers prevent animal-caused flashovers from phase to phase and from phase to ground.

http://tdworld.com/features/protecting-wildlife-and-minimizing-outages


http://tdworld.com/features/protecting-wildlife-and-minimizing-outages

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What Can Go Wrong: Trees


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Accidents

Planes and helicopters making an effort to control a big bushfire close to the village of Cáñar (Granada/Spain) on the 2th of August 2013. A large firefighter plane nearly misses a power line after dropping its load, but it does get hit by a bright spark of high voltage.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rhyj36gOwF0


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rhyj36gOwF0

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Accidents

15 Aug 2014: A matric dance Robinson R44 flew into electric power lines as it dropped off a couple for their Matric Dance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-zI_VpTFp8


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-zI_VpTFp8

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Summary• Lightning.

• Wind and snow.

• Deterioration (insulation failure).

• Animals (mainly squirrels & snakes, butsometimes….)

• Trees.

• Accidents.

• Man made error (mistakes).

• All of the previous situations cause faults.

• Faults are dangerous situations that can hurtpeople and destroy equipment.


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Protection SystemsProtection equipment removes faults

• Fuses detect faults and melt a wire (it must bereplaced)

• Relays detect faults and signal circuit breaker to trip.

• Circuit breakers open lines (it can be re-used).


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WARNINGThe following slides contains

graphic Images that some

viewers may find disturbing


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Accidents happens!!!


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Power Blackouts


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Power Blackouts


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Power Blackouts: SummaryLocation Date

Scale in term of MW or

Population

Collapse

time

US-NE 10-11/9/65 20,000 MW, 30MM

people

13 mins

New York 13/7/1977 6,000 MW, 9MM people 1 hour

France 1978 29,000 MW 26 mins

Japan 1987 8,200 MW 20 mins

USA-West 17/1/1994 7,500 MW 1 min

USA-West 14/12/1994 9,300 MW

USA-West 2/7/1996 11,700 MW 36 seconds

USA-West 3/7/1996 1,200 MW > 1 min

Brazil 3/11/1999 25,000 MW 30 Seconds

USA-NE 8/14/2003 62,000 MW, 50 M

people

> 1 hour

London, UK 28/08/2003 724 MW, 476 K people 8 seconds

Denmark & Sweden 23/9/2003 4.85 MM people 7 mins

Italy 28/9/2003 27,700 MW, 57 MM

people

27 mins

India 30/07/2012 48,000 MW, 300 MM

people

> Few hour


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Power industry made major improvements after events in ‘65, ‘77, ‘96

Does the industry take appropriate

actions today?

Customers Affected

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

1965

, NE U

S

1967

, NE U

S

1977

, New

Yor

k

Dec.

199

4, W

est U

S

July 1

996, W

est U

S

Aug

. 199

6, W

este

rn U

S

2003

, US-C

anad

a

2003

, Ita

ly

2003

, Swede

n

2003

, Chile

2004

Gre

ece

Power Blackouts: Examples


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London 28th August 2003• The 2003 London blackout was a serious power

outage that occurred in parts of southern London and north-west Kent on 28 August 2003.

• It was the largest blackout in South East England since the Great Storm of 1987, affecting an estimated 500,000 people

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3199594.stmhttp://www.channel4.com/news/the-great-storm-of-1987-25-years-on


http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3199594.stm

http://www.channel4.com/news/the-great-storm-of-1987-25-years-on

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How Blackout Happens


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How Blackout Happens• The thing that is so amazing about the power grid is

that it cannot store any power anywhere in thesystem in bulk.

• Something causes a power plant to suddenly trip off line.

• The “something” might be anything from a seriouslightning strike to a geomagnetic storm to a bearingfailure and subsequent fire in a generator.

• When the generator disconnects from the grid, theother plants have to spin fast to meet the demand.

• Once they hit maximum capacity, theydisconnects from the grid.

• Leaves thousands of people out of power.


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Blackout: 14th August 2003 • One of the largest blackout in history.

• The blackout shut down 263 power plants (531units) in the USA and Canada.

• Over 50 million people were out of power.

• Affected 8 states, 2 provinces, 3 regions, 61800MW load affected 4.


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14th August 2003 (1/5)

HAPPENED ON 14 AUGUST 2003???

1 12:05 Conesville Unit 5 (rating 375 MW)

2 1:14 Greenwood Unit 1 (rating 785 MW)

3 1:31 Eastlake Unit 5 (rating: 597 MW)

4 2:02 Stuart – Atlanta 345 kV

5 3:05 Harding – Chamberlain 345 kV

6 3:32 Hanna – Juniper 345 kV

7 3:41 Star – South Canton 345 kV

8 3:45 Canton Central – Tidd 345 kV

9 4:05 Sammis – Star 345 kV

12:05

1:14

1:31Init

iati

ng

Even

tSl

ow

Pro

gres

sio

n3:32

3:41

3:05

2:05

4:05

3:45


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14th August 2003 (2/5)10 4:08:58 Galion-Ohio Central-Muskingum 345 kV

11 4:09:06 East Lima-Fostoria Central 345 kV

12 4:09:23-4:10:27

Kinder Morgan (rating: 500 MW; loaded to 200 MW)

13 4:10 Harding-Fox 345 kV

14 4:10:04-4:10:45

20 generators along Lake Erie in north Ohio, 2174 MW

15 4:10:37 West-East Michigan 345 kV

16 4:10:38 Midland Cogeneration venture, 1265 MW

17 4:10:38 Transmission system separates northwest of De

18 4:10:38 Perry-Ashtabula-Erie West 345 kV

19 4:10:40 -4:10:44

4 lines disconnect between Pennsylvania & New York

20 4:10:41 2 lines disconnect and 2 gens trip in north Ohio, 1868 MW

21 4:10:42 -4:10:45

3 lines disconnect in north Ontario, New Jersey, isolates NE part of Eastern Interconnection, 1 unit trips, 820 MW

22 4:10:46 -4:10:55

New York splits east-to-west. New England and Maritimes separate from New York and remain intact.

23 4:10:50 -4:11:57

Ontario separates from NY w of Niagara Falls & w. of St. Law. SW Connecticut separates from New York, Blacks out.

1 12:05 Conesville Unit 5 (rating 375 MW)

2 1:14Greenwood Unit 1 (rating 785

MW)

3 1:31 Eastlake Unit 5 (rating: 597 MW)

4 2:02 Stuart – Atlanta 345 kV

5 3:05 Harding – Chamberlain 345 kV

6 3:32 Hanna – Juniper 345 kV

7 3:41 Star – South Canton 345 kV

8 3:45 Canton Central – Tidd 345 kV

9 4:05 Sammis – Star 345 kV

Fast Pro

gression

(CA

SCA

DE)

~3:00 Minutes

~4 hours


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14th August 2003 (3/5)Immediate Causes of the 14 August 2003 Blackout:

• 1:30 Loss of East Lake generator (over-excitation).

• 2:02 Loss of Stuart-Atlanta (tree contact).

• 2:02 MISO system model becomes inaccurate.

• 2:14 - 3:08 Loss of software in FE control centre.

• 3:05 Loss of Harding-Chamberlain (tree contact).

• 3:32 Loss of Hanna-Juniper (tree contact).

• 3:41 Loss of Star-S.Canton (tree contact).

• 4:06 Loss of Sammis-Star (high overload looked likefault to “zone 3” of the protection system).


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14th August 2003 (4/5)Why did the cascade happen (events 10-23):

• Oscillations in voltages and currents, and/or veryhigh currents caused many transmission line zone2,3 protection systems to see what appeared to befaults & trip the line.

60

50

10

0

Tota

l Lo

st o

f G

ener

atio

n (

GW

)

40

30

20

Nu

mb

er o

f Li

nes

, Tra

nsf

orm

er o

rU

nit

s Tr

ipp

ed

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

16:05 16:06 16:07 16:08 16:09 16:10 16:11 16:12Time


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14th August 2003 (5/5)Why did the cascade happen (events 10-23)

• As a few generators tripped, load > gen imbalancecaused under-frequency and lower voltages.

• Generators tripped for one of the following reasons:• Under-frequency.

• Under-voltage.

• Over-excitation.

• Out-of-step.

• Over-voltage.


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Similar Chain of Events• Learn From the PastWestern US, 1996: 7.5M people

• An hour before the

disturbance, three 500 kV lines

disconnect

• Heavy power flow in region

• Two lines disconnect due to a

fault and a protection trip

• Heavy load through 230kV and

115kV lines

• 230kV/115 kV lines disconnect

due to overload

• Voltage declines and power

units trip

• Power oscillations and voltage

instability cause cascading

separations

• Blackout occurred in 3 min.

System restored in ~ 6 - 9 h

NE US-Canada, 2003: 50M people

• Two hours before the

disturbance, 500kV line

disconnect

• Heavy power flow in region

• One 500 kV line sags into a

tree and disconnects

• Heavy load through 230kV

and 115kV lines

• 230kV/115 kV lines

disconnect due to overload

• More 345kV lines trip

• Voltage declines and

power units trip

• Power oscillations and

voltage instability cause

cascading separations

• Blackout occurred in 3 min.

System restored in ~1-2 days

Italy, 2003: 57 M people

• Heavy import to Italy

• One 380 kV line sags into a

tree and disconnects

• Heavy load through parallel

line that sags into a tree

• 220kV/110kV trip due to

overload resulting in

isolating Italy

• Voltage declines and power

units trip

• Power oscillations and

voltage instability cause

cascading separations

• Blackout occurred in 2.5

min.

System was restored in ~5 h


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Future Electric Power Grid:Smart-er Grid

The Concept


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Global Smart• A concept

Water

Transport

Gas ICT

Electricity ?


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The Big Picture: SMART LIVING

Intelligent / Sustainable Cities

Buildings, Houses, Transportation,

Electric Grid

Distributed (Renewable) Energy

Sources

Regionally Optimized Portfolio /Mix of

Renewable Energy Integration with

Macro and Micro Grids

Normative PracticesEconomics, Market,

BusinessPolitical WillFor Caring and Just

CommunitiesSmart LivingAttractively /

Aesthetically / Ecologically Friend /

StableEnvironment


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What is a Smart Grid, Really?

Nobody Really Knows!


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What it is?

WAN

People

Smart

Meters

Smart

Appliances

Data

concentrator

Applications

server

PMU PMU


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Reference to the Concept• The term smart grid has

been in use since at least 2005, when it appeared in the article "Toward A Smart Grid" by Amin and Wollenberg.

Smart Grids European

Technology Platformhttp://www.smartgrids.eu/

http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid

"Smart Grid / Department

of Energy"

https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks

Department of Energy & Climate

Change and Ofgem


https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks

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Smart-er Grids:Smart-er Grids: when energy meets information…

Our New Hybrid Reality

• “A permanently evolving electrical network, with a real-time, two-way flowof energy and information, between power generation, grid operator, andend users. It is capable of integrating all traditional and new players:renewable generation units (wind, solar, etc.), electrical vehicles, electricalstorage, or even entire smart cities”.

Past Present Future

Smarter electricity systems (Source: IEA Smart Grid roadmap 2010)


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DefinitionsIEEE:

• A next generation electrical power system that istypified by the increased use of communicationsand information technology in the generation,delivery and consumption of electrical energy.

DOE:

• “Smart grid” generally refers to a class oftechnology people are using to bring utilityelectricity delivery systems into the 21st century,using computer based remote control andautomation.

• These systems are made possible by two-waycommunication technology and computerprocessing that has been used for decades in otherindustries.


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DefinitionsNational Electrical Manufacturers Associations

• The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add

monitoring, analysis, control and communication

capabilities to the national electric grid in order to

improve reliability, maximize throughput,

increase energy efficiency, provide consumer

participation and allow diverse generation and

storage options.


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DefinitionsIEC

• The Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid.

• The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of Generation and any point of Consumption.

• It also includes the coupling effects with other forms of energy (thermal storage, etc…)

http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/background/explained.htm


http://www.iec.ch/smartgrid/background/explained.htm

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What is a Smart Grid, Really?• Smart Grids is basically the concept of making

the power grid “SMART-ER”


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Smart-er Grid

Information Flow

Power Flow

Power Flow

Information Flow

Demand Response

AMI

DG-PV

Thermal

Storage

PEVUtility

grade PVWind

farm

Solar

farm

Smart Grid

Traditional

Environment

Merging Two Smart Infrastructures


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E.ON Smart: Video in Youtube

E.ON Smart Grids http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36e33i8wzKE


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36e33i8wzKE

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Smart-er Grid:Features and More…


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Driver Forces behind Smart GridsRenewable

Resources

Conservation &

Demand response

Greenhouse

Gases

Operational

EfficiencyConsumer

satisfaction

Supply

Economics

Capacity

Limitations

Distributed

Resources

Variable

Generation


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Characteristics• Smart Grid is a commodity delivery system where

the commodity (energy) has to be generated,delivered, and consumed all at the same time insecure and reliable way.

• Like development of intestate highway, like internet, emails, social networking, like smart phone.

• Smart Grid is not a single technology.

• It’s an evolving concept with set of technologies.

http://www.ieee-pes.org/outreach/202-pes-informational-and-promotional-videos


http://www.ieee-pes.org/outreach/202-pes-informational-and-promotional-videos

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Enabling Technologies


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Characteristics: USA ApproachEnergy Independence and Security Act of 2007and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act2009

Characteristics of a Smart Grid as described by Title XIII of theEnergy Independence and Security Act of 2007:

increased use ofdigital information,communication and

control

dynamicoptimization of grid

operations andresources

cyber-security,interoperability,

sustainable

deployment andintegration of

Distributed resources and generation

development andincorporation of

demand response

self-healing, energyefficiency andenvironment

deployment of “smart” real-time, automated,

Interactive technologies

deployment andintegration of

advanced electricitystorage

peak-shaving echnologies,including plug-in

electric and hybridelectric vehicles


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Features of a Smart Grid• Self-Healing to correct problems early

• Interactive with consumers and markets

• Optimized to make best use of resources

• Predictive to prevent emergencies

• Distributed assets and information

• Integrated to merge all critical information

• More Secure from threats from all hazards

Ref: DOE document at http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid


http://www.oe.energy.gov/smartgrid

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Power Systems and Smart Grid

Server

Satellite

PhoneWireless

Modem

Concentrator

Devices

Satellite

Dish

WAN

Internet

VP

Generation Transmission Substation Distribution Costumer

Integracion de renovables Wide-Area Monitoring

and ControlSubstation

Automation

AMI EV/PHEV

IntegrationAutomation

Smart grid integrates ITC and Power

Systems

DER Integration

ConditionMonitoring

AssetOptimization

WorkforceEffectiveness


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Scope of Smart Grid

System Coordination

Situation Assessment

Transmission

Automation

Renewable

integration

Demand

Participation

Signals & Options

Smart Appliances,

PHEVs & Storage

Distributed

Generation &

Storage

Energy

Efficiency

System Operation

Distribution

Automation


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Smart Grid Advantages

Smart

Grid

Operational Efficiency

Environmental

Impact

Customer

Satisfaction

Energy Efficiency

Reduced Onsite Premise Presence /

Field Work Required

Shorter Outage Durations

Optimized Transformer Operation

Standards & Construction

Improved Network Operations

Reduce Integration & IT maintenance

cost

Condition-based Asset Maintenance /

Inspections

Reduced Energy Losses

Active/Passive Demand-side

Management

Enable Customer Self-Service / Reduce

Call Center Inquiries

Improved Revenue Collection


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Aplicaciones Smart Grid

Demand Response

DG-PV

PEVUtility

grade PVWind

farm

Solar

farm

Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Participation in Energy Markets

Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing

Intelligent Responses!


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Smart grid interactive tool

http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-interactive-tool


http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grid-interactive-tool

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Smart MeteringThis section presents a general overview of Smart Metering


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Smart Metering• Combines three (03) Elements:

a. Smart Sensors

b. Two-way communication

c. Master Controller


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Real Example: British Gas•

http://www.britishgas.co.uk/smarter-living/control-energy/smart-meters/what-are-smart-meters.html


http://www.britishgas.co.uk/smarter-living/control-energy/smart-meters/what-are-smart-meters.html

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure

www.elp.com


http://www.elp.com/articles/powergrid_international/print/volume-16/issue-4/features/the-increasing-importance-of-security-for-the-smart-grid.html

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Advanced Metering Infrastructure


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Advanced Metering Infrastructure• Comunicación de dos vías empleando las

redes móviles, por satélite y las redes de radio frecuencia.

• IAM revoluciona la detección de apagón eléctrico y la restauración, proporcionando información a la empresa sobre el evento.


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Advanced Metering Infrastructure • El controlador maestro (smart meter) utiliza la

información de precios por hora para ofrecer a los consumidores la oferta perfecta con los datos de tiempo real.


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Smart Grid in Europe


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World energy demand is on the rise

EU energy consumption is expected to level out in future but world

energy consumption will continue to grow due to global population growth

and economic catching up.

Overall, world energy demand may grow by 45 % between 2006 and

2030.

In China and India, demand will nearly double. Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

18 000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

Mto

e

Rest of world

China

Rest of OECD

European Union


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Massive modernisation investment is needed

Total investment needs in the electricity and gas sector between 2010-20: over € 1 trillion

Power generation: ~ € 500 bn Transmission and distribution: ~ € 600 bn

Distribution: ~ € 400 bn

Transmission: ~ € 200 bn

Source: Commission calculations

Renewables: ~ € 310-370 bn

Investments of over € 1 trillion will be needed by

2020 to replace obsolete power plants, to

modernise and adapt infrastructure to the latest

technologies and to cater for demand for low

carbon energy.


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Dependence on imports is likely to grow

Today, Europe imports more than half of the energy it uses. If nothing changes, our dependence on fossil fuel importswill rise by 2030. Source: European Commission

« Business as usual » scenario based on 2009 figures

GASOIL

2005 2008 2020 2030 2005 2008 2020 2030in %

82 %84 %

93 %94 %

58 %

62 %

76 %

83 %

100

80

60

40

20


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EU energy goals

Energy policy has been a cornerstone of European

integration since its very beginning through the European

Coal and Steel Community.

In its daily activities, the EU contributes to delivering

competitive, secure and sustainable energy for Europe.

For detailed information, see:http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm

Market

Rising political attention on Smart Grids as a means to achieve EU energy policy objectives.


http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2010/2020_en.htm

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Meeting our “20-20-20 by 2020” goals

Reduce greenhouse

gas levels by 20%

Increase share of

renewables to 20%100%

Reduce energy

consumption by 20%

-10%Current trend to

2020-20%

20%

Current trend to

2020

Current trend to

2020


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The Commission has identified priority infrastructures of European interest to be delivered by 2020. See: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/2020_en.htm

Baltic

Energy Market

Interconnection

Plan

Electricity &

Gas

North-South Gas Corridor

in Western EuropeNorth-South Gas

Interconnections

& Oil Supply

South Western

Electricity Interconnections

Central / South Eastern

Electricity Connections

Southern

Gas Corridor

North Seas

Offshore Grid

Gas

Electricity

Electricity and Gas

Oil and Gas

Smart Grids for Electricityin the EU

Infrastructure priorities by 2020


http://ec.europa.eu/energy/infrastructure/strategy/2020_en.htm

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Background• Smart Grids projects:

• Growing number: deployment, demonstration/pilots, R&D

• Participants: Grid operators, service providers, R&D actors.

• Wide scope: smart meters, super grid, integrated systems.

• JRC Smart Grid

Projects Outlook 2014

Joint Research Centre (JRC)


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Smart Grid investments in Europe and beyond

Country/ Region

Forecast Smart Grid investments(€/$)

FundingforSmartGrid development (€/$)

Number of smartmeters deployedand/or planned

European Union

€56 billion by2020(estimated Smart Grid investments)

€184 million (FP6 and FP7Europeanfunding forprojects in the JRC catalogue)

About €200 million from EuropeanRecovery Fund, ERDF, EERA.

National funding: n/a

45 million already installed (JRCcatalogue,2011)

240 million by 2020

USA

$338 (€238) to 476(€334)billion by 2030 (estimated

investments forimplementation of fully functional Smart Grid)

$7 (€4.9) billion in 2009 [49]8 million in 2011 60 million by

2020]

China$101 (€71) billion

(Smart Grid technology development)

$7.3 billion in 2009 (€5.1)360 million by 2030

South Korea$24 (€16.8) billion by2030

(estimated Smart Grid investments)

$824 (€580) million in 2009500,000 in 2010, 750,000 in 2011

and 24 million by 2020

Australian/a

$360 (€253) million in 2.4 million by 2013 in State ofVictoria


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• The current edition of the survey includes a total of 459 smart grid projects, launched from 2002 up until today (2014), which amount to €3.15 billion in investments.

http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/files/u24/2014/report/ld-na-26609-en-n_smart_grid_projects_outlook_2014_-_online.pdf


http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/sites/ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/files/u24/2014/report/ld-na-26609-en-n_smart_grid_projects_outlook_2014_-_online.pdf

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• Geographically more than half of the smart grid budget can be found inside the circle


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Smart Grid in Europe• Number of projects per stage of development and

country


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Smart Grid in EuropeBy far the largest average budgets per

project can be found in the two countries

which also have the largest budgets: France and United Kingdom


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Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014

http://ses.jrc.ec.europa.eu/smart-grids-observatory



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Smart Grid Projects Outlook 2014




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Demonstration projects - Grid• ECOGRID EU : Large scale Smart Grids demonstration of real time market-based

integration of DER and DR (2010)

• GRID4EU : Large-Scale Demonstration of Advanced Smart GRID Solutions with wide Replication and Scalability Potential for EUROPE (2010)

• TWENTIES : Transmission system operation with large penetration of Wind and other renewable Electricity sources in Networks by means of innovative Tools and Integrated Energy Solutions (2009)

• OPTIMATE : An Open Platform to Test Integration in new MArkeT DEsigns of massive intermittent energy sources dispersed in several regional power markets (2008)

• IRENE-40 : Infrastructure Roadmap for Energy Networks in Europe (2007)

• REALISEGRID : REseArch, methodoLogIes and technologieS for the effective development of pan-European key GRID infrastructures to support the achievement of a reliable, competitive and sustainable electricity supply (2007)

• SUSPLAN : Development of regional and Pan-European guidelines for more efficient integration of renewable energy into future infrastructures (2007)

• ADINE : Active Distribution Network (2006)

• ANEMOS.PLUS : Advanced Tools for the Management of Electricity Grids with Large-Scale Wind Generation (2006)

• CRISTAL : CONTROL OF RENEWABLE INTEGRATED SYSTEMS TARGETING ADVANCED LANDMARKS (2006)


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Smart-er Grid in United Kingdom


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Context: Why Decarbonise?

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2000 YEARS

2050

Today’s

Temperature

Projected

Temperature

in 2050 under

Business as

Usual (BaU)

scenario

http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html

July 2015: 398.17 ppm

July 2014: 395.90 ppm

Last updated: September 7, 2015

Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe

Without Drastic Reductions in Global CO2 emissions, the

earth Temperature could rise as much as 6C by end of

the century

2015

@fglongattfglongatt 2013


http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/global.html

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Context: Where Decarbonise?

Roadmap 2050: A practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low-Carbon Europe

1990 2010 2050 2050 Total

Power

Buildings

Air and Sea Transport

Industry

Road Transport

Waste

Agriculture

95% +

95%

50%

40%

95%

100%

20%

Within Sector >95%

80

% C

O2

EM

ISSI

ON

RED

CU

TIO

N95

%

5.9

GtC

O2

/yr

5.2

GtC

O2

/yr

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050

Oil

Gas

Coal

Hydro

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Biomass

CCS

Billio

n B

arr

els

of

Oil E

qu

iva

len

t p

er

ye

ar

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

The 80% CO2

reduction overall

implies 95%

reduction

in Power

Roadmap 2050: A

practical Guide to a

Prosperous, Low-

Carbon Europe

Energy Supply in 2050(High Res Pathway)

Historical

Roadmap 2050

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

All RES

Wind

EU Energy Policy to 2050, EWEA

@fglongatt

fglongatt 2013


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Uk Interconnection• National Grid

Transmission System

319 Substations

750 transformers

2743 circuit breakers

1200 Circuits

14000km OHL

635km of underground cable

Installed generation capacity:

≈ 100 GW bulk generation

embedded generation

Demand

≈ 60 GW Peak

20 GW minimum

132kV, 275kV & 400kV

50Hz


26 Million Customers

~60 GW

339 TWh in 2014.



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Context: Where do we need to Change?

15% of energy from renewable

34% reduction in CO2 emission versus 1990

2020No renewable target

80% reduction in CO2 emission versus 1990

2050

% of end use energy ~20%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200

% of end use energy ~50%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5Electricity

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050

Oil

Gas

Coal

Hydro

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Biomass

CCS

Billio

n B

arr

els

of

Oil E

qu

iva

len

t p

er

ye

ar

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70


% of end use energy ~35%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184Gas


% of end use energy ~40%Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247Oil

Data source: National Grid Gone Green scenario

fglongatt 2013


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Context: Changing the Generation Mix

Gas Coal CCS Wind OtherRES

Nuclear Inter.

2020: • 28GW of wind plus some hydro, tidal, biomass • 7GW nuclear available post 7GW of closures and 3GW new build • Demand remains flat - growth is offset by energy efficiency and smart metering • 15 GW of embedded generation

2050: • 30GW of nuclear now provides majority of baseload generation • Increased demand with electrification of

• Transport (mainly during 2030s) • Heat (mainly during 2040s)

fglongatt 2013


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North Sea National Targets 2030

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD

June 2012Coventry, UK

@fglongatt

Data source: EWEA

fglongatt 2013


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UK Wind Farms: East Anglia

Docking Shoal

540 MW

East Anglia Five

1200 MW

East Anglia Four

1200 MW

East Anglia Three

1200 MW

East Anglia Six

1200 MW

East Anglia Two

1200 MW

East Anglia Five

1200 MW

East Anglia Six

1200 MW

East Anglia

Three

1200 MW

East

Anglia

Four

1200 MW

East Anglia

Two

1200 MW

East Anglia One

1200 MW

Galloper Wind Farm

Greater Gabbard

London Array

Phase 1

London Array

Phase 2Kentish Flats

90 MW

Thanet

Thanet 2

147 MW

Dudgeon

560 MW

Race Bank

Scroby

sands

Gunfleet Sands I +II

173 MW

Gunfleet Sads 3 –

Demonstration Project

Sheringhan

Shoal

Kentish Flats

Extension 51 MW

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD


@fglongatt

fglongatt 2013


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Firth of Forth

Phase 1

1075 MW

Firth of

Forth

Phase 3

790 MW

Firth of Forth

Phase 2

1820 MW

Forth Array

Neart na

Gaoith

Inch Cape

Bell Rock

UK Wind Farms: Dogger Bank, HornSea, Firth of Forth

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez -Longatt, PhD


Dogger

Bank

6000 MW

Hornsea

2800 MWNjord

(Hornsea)

600 MW

Hornsea

2800 MW

Heron Wind

(Hornsea)

600 MW

Triton Knoll

1200 MW

Westermost

Rough

Race

Bank

Dudgeon

560 MW

Dogger Bank Project One

Dogger Bank Tranche A

1600 MW

"They could see gross value added to the UK economy of £7 billion and a

cumulative cost-reduction impact of £45 billion for the whole offshore wind

sector in UK waters by 2050,"

Wind farm 'may save £45bn' in costs

Offshore wind could boost GDP by “huge” 0.6%The figures build on 2010 research from the Offshore Valuation Group

which found that by harnessing less than a third of the UK’s offshore wind

resource, the UK could generate the equivalent of

one billion barrels of oil a year by 2050

@fglongatt

fglongatt 2013

@fglongatt


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Context: Where do we need to Change?

EVIM

Storage

PV

MTDC

AC

System

Wind Farm

The other half of the challenge lies in building the transport and distribution networks

As the low-emission economy evolves,building new generation technologiesis just half the challenge

@fglongatt

@fglongatt


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Context: A Super – Infrastucture: SuperGrid:

Baltic and North Sea Countries: bring offshore wind farm power to onshore.

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD


Supergrid is defined as "a pan-European transmission network facilitating the integration of large-scale renewable energy and the balancing and transportation of electricity, with the aim of improving the European market"

North Africa under Mediterranean Sea to

Continental Europe: bring renewable energy

of Photovoltaic, solar and wind.

AC Network

DC Network

@fglongatt


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Challenges on Future Electricity System

• The GB electricity system faces very considerable challenges.

AC Network

DC Network

Offshore

Onshore

Humber SmartZone Pilot project

Anticipatory Investment in

electricity transmission

£6.7bn of proposed reinforcements

•Intelligent operational intertrip scheme (incldemand side management •OHL dynamic rating •Congestion management •Oscillation monitoring •Alarm and protection setting optimisation

@fglongatt


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Changing patterns of generation

Coal

Nuclear

Oil

Hydro

Interconnector

Gas

France

France

Netherlands

Belgium

Norway

Ireland

future potential investment to

connect Scottish renewables

existing network

potential wind farm sites

potential nuclear sites

existing interconnector

interconnector under construction

possible future interconnector

Generation and

transmission were planned

together (1960s)

Transmission evolution to

new generation sources


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What scenario do you cater for?

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

TWh

Interconnector

CHP TWh

Nuclear

Wind

Renewable

Coal

Oil

Gas CCGT

CCS


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Challenge: Balancing the System• Mismatches are symmetrical – causes

• Potential responses are also symmetrical

• Balance can be restored:• By increasing supply/reducing demand

• By reducing supply/increasing demand

• By fixing the balancing mechanism (markets, delivery infrastructure etc)

Too little

supply

Too much

demand

Too much supply

Too little

demand

Supply

Demand

Supply

Demand

Balancing

Mechanism

Failure

@fglongatt


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Challenge: Balancing the System

Supply

GENERATION DEMAND

Demand

Security


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Challenge: Balancing the System

Supply

GENERATION DEMAND

Demand

Security

non-dispatchableand capital intensive low carbon plant;gas imports

smart grids, smart meters

etc

uncertain trend of demand; new demands – EVs and dg; policy driven demands; gas/power interactions

greater incentives for demand side – Value of lost load VOLL relatively lower


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Balancing supply and demand?

115

GenerationDemand

Variable generation

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

01

-Ja

n

05

-Ja

n

10

-Ja

n

15

-Ja

n

20

-Ja

n

25

-Ja

n

30

-Ja

n

01

-Ja

n

05

-Ja

n

10

-Ja

n

15

-Ja

n

20

-Ja

n

25

-Ja

n

30

-Ja

n

MW

Large generation

Inflexible generation

Active distribution networks

Smart(er)

grids &

meters, energy

storage

Active demand

Time of use tariffs

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

00

:00

01

:00

02

:00

03

:00

04

:00

05

:00

06

:00

07

:00

08

:00

09

:00

10

:00

11

:00

12

:00

13

:00

14

:00

15

:00

16

:00

17

:00

18

:00

19

:00

20

:00

21

:00

22

:00

23

:00

Time of Day

Ele

ctr

icit

y D

em

an

d (

GW

)

2020 Demand ~ 15GWh (daily) - 1.5million vehicles

Typical winter dailydemand

Pe

ak

Co

mm

uti

ng

Tim

e

12,000 miles p.a.

Pe

ak

Co

mm

uti

ng

Tim

e

Optimal Charging

Period

Distributed generation

Smarter transmission

Smart zones

HVDC

Series

compensation

WAM


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Smart Asset Management

Condition monitoring

Remote asset management and

monitoring (RAMM)

Voltage Control

Circuit Rating

Enhancement

Operational Tripping Schemes (OTS)

Auto-switching schemes

Power Flow Control

Remote Substation

Control

Network Output Measures

Risk management


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Closing… orOpening?


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Vision de Sistema de Potencia• “El sistema de potencia perfecto garantizara

la disponibilidad absoluta y universal de laenergía en la cantidad y calidad necesariapara satisfacer las necesidades de cadaconsumidor.

• Es un sistema que nunca falla alconsumidor”

http://en.sevenload.com/videos/trVIHJp-Bob-Galvin-on-Perfect-Power

Copyright Notice

The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or copied in any form or

by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these

documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The

documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the documents by you.

Bob Galvin(October 9, 1922 – October 11, 2011)


http://en.sevenload.com/videos/trVIHJp-Bob-Galvin-on-Perfect-Power

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Arequipa Perú –5 de Octubre de 2015

Prof Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt PhD

XXII CONEIMERA


Engineering

Smart+er Grids: Challenges, Arequipa 05 October 2015