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SOLAR POWERED LED STREET LIGHT WITH AUTOMATED POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SANGEETH SOMAN
SINU R
RAJAN R
MURUGAN S
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
MARTHANDAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY KUTTAKUZHI
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600-025
APRIL 2015
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600-025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “SOLAR POWERED LED STREET
LIGHT WITH AUTOMATED POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM” is the
bonafide work of “SANGEETH SOMAN, SINU.R, RAJAN.R,
MURUGAN.S” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr. G. W. Martin Mr.R.K.Negesh
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
Electrical and Electronics Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Engineering
Marthandam College of Marthandam College Of
Engineering and Technology Engineering and Technology
Tamil Nadu-629177. Tamil Nadu-629177.
CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION
COLLEGE NAME : MARTHANDAM COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BRANCH&SEMESTER : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING, 8TH SEMESTER
SI.No Name of the student Title of the project
Name of the supervisor with
designation1 SANGEETH SOMAN
(961611105309) SOLAR POWERED
LED STREET LIGHT WITH AUTOMATED
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Mr.R.K.NegeshAssistant ProfessorEEE Department
2 SINU R(961611105311)
3 RAJAN R(961611105308)
4 MURUGAN S(961611105305)
The report of the project work submitted by the above students in partial
fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering of Anna University, Chennai were evaluated and
confirmed to be report of the work done by the above students and then
evaluated.
Viva-voce Examination held on ...............................
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost we thank the GOD ALMIGHTY for his concealed hand yet
substantial supervision all through the construction of my project.
We wish to convey our immense gratitude and thanks to our respected
Chairman Prof. Dr. T.JAMES WILSON, B.E, M.I. Mar.Tech., MISTE, and
to our Vice chairman Er. F. PRINCE VINO, B.E, for providing all facilities to
do our project inside the college campus.
We are grateful to Dr. C.SUDHAHAR, M.E, Ph.D., principal of our
college for his encouragement and motivation in successfully completing this
project.
We express our deep gratitude to our Head of the department
Mr. G.W. MARTIN, M.E, for his inspiration, encouragement, suggestion and
extension for all facilities of the department for carrying out our project.
It is a pleasure to express our sincere gratitude to our supervisor,
Mr.R.K.NEGESH, M.E, Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, for
his encouragement and support through the project. He has always provided us
with the wise advice, useful discussions and comments.
We also extend our warm regards to the teaching and non-teaching staffs
of our department for their lavish appreciation of the work. We also thank our
family and friends who provided constant motivation and various suggestions
throughout the project.
ABSTRACT
This is a method of lighting LED street lamp of 40W by generating
electricity from solar power. Solar panels are provided to generate electricity
from the sun light. A DC-DC boost converter helps to the convert generated
variable DC in to fixed DC. The generated solar power is used to charge the
24V battery and it is then discharged through the load. An AC supply is also
provided to charge the battery when solar power is not available. Since the load
works on the AC supply, a single phase inverter is used to convert DC power to
AC power. That power is then stepped up using a step up transformer and then
it is given to load.
Since the renewable energy resource is used for generating the primary
voltage source, more amount of energy can be saved from burning of normal
street lamps. The AC supply is also used so that the street lamp can glow at the
climatic conditions when the renewable energy is not available. Even AC
supply is used, very less amount of energy only be consumed whereas we are
using it to charge a battery alone.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 THE SYSTEM DESIGN 3
1.2 PV MODULE 3
1.3 CHARGE CONTROLLER 4
1.4 INVERTER 5
1.5 BATTERY 5
1.6 AC SUPPLY 5
1.7 SWITCHING CIRCUIT AND SENSOR 6
1.8 LED LAMP 6
2 BASICS OF THE PROJECT 7
2.1 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM 7
2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 8
3 INVERTER 11
3.1 INVERTER BLOCK DIAGRAM 12
3.1.1 EXPLANATION 13
3.2 INVERTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 14
3.2.1 EXPLANATION 15
3.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT 16
3.3.1 DRIVER CIRCUIT (PART 1) 16
3.3.1.1 EXPLANATION 17
3.3.2 DRIVER CIRCUIT (PART 2A) 18
3.3.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT (PART 2B) 19
3.3.3.1 EXPLANATION 20
4 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 21
4.1 IC4081 21
4.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM 21
4.1.2 DESCRIPTION 22
4.1.3 TRUTH TABLE 22
4.1.4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS 22
4.2 4506/6N137 23
4.2.1 PIN DIAGRAM 23
4.2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 23
4.2.3 DESCRIPTION 24
4.2.4 FEATURES 24
4.3 IC4584 25
4.3.1 PIN DIAGRAM 25
4.3.2 DESCRIPTION 26
4.3.3 MAXIMUM RATINGS 26
4.3.4 TRUTH TABLE 26
4.4 IR2110 27
4.4.1 PIN DIAGRAM 27
4.4.2 LEAD DEFINITIONS 27
4.4.3 DESCRIPTION 28
4.4.4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING 28
5 MICROCONTROLLER DSPIC30F4011 29
5.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF DSPIC30F4011
MICROCONTROLLER 29
5.2 PIN DESCRIPTION 30
5.3 DSP ENGINE FEATURES 32
5.4 PERIPHERAL FEATURES 32
5.5 MOTOR CONTROL PWM MODULE
FEATURES 33
5.6 QUADRATURE ENCODER INTERFACE
MODULE FEATURES 33
5.7 ANALOG FEATURES 34
5.8 SPECIAL DIGITAL SIGNAL
CONTROLLER FEATURES 34
5.9 PROGRAM 35
6 LED LIGHT 39
6.1 DESCRIPTION 40
6.2 SPECIFICATION 41
7 CONCLUSION 42
8 REFERENCES 43
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TABLES PAGE NO.
4.1 IC4081 TRUTH TABLE 22
4.2 IC4584 TRUTH TABLE 26
4.3 IR2110 LEAD DEFINITION 27
4.4 IR2110 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING 28
5.1 DSPIC30F4011 MICROCONTROLLER
PIN DESCRIPTION 31
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. FIGURES PAGE NO.
2.1 Basic block diagram 7
3.1 Inverter block diagram 12
3.2 Inverter circuit diagram 14
3.3 Driver circuit (Part 1) for the inverter 16
3.4 Driver circuit (Part 2A) for the inverter 18
3.5 Driver circuit (Part 2B) for the inverter 19
4.1 PIN diagram of IC4081 21
4.2 PIN diagram of 4506/6N137 23
4.3 Circuit diagram of 4506/6N137 23
4.4 PIN diagram of IC4584 25
4.5 PIN diagram of IR2110 27
5.1 PIN diagram of DSPIC30F4011 Microcontroller 29
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LDR : LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
LED : LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
MOSFET : METAL OXIDE SEMI CONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Light is crucial in everyday activity for the continuity of normal life. From
plants to animals, from human beings to domestic insects, from technology to
science, nothing seems to maximize its existence without the availability of
light. Even the human eye requires some amount of light to function well. Light
from the sun is natural and it is called sunlight. This sunlight can serve as a
source of solar power which is converted to electric power for both household
and industrial utilization. Solar power is the generation of electricity from
sunlight. This can be direct as with photovoltaic (PV) or indirect as with
concentrating solar power (CSP) where the sun’s energy is focused to boil water
which is then used to provide energy. Solar power is a predictably intermittent
energy source, meaning that while solar power is not available at all times, we
can predict with a very good degree of accuracy when it will not be available.
One area of application of solar energy is found in the construction of solar-
powered street lights. This is the equipment that is paramount to meeting the
security needs of every community in the 21st century.
Nowadays the need of electricity is increasing day by bay. Since the
sufficient amount of energy cannot be generated from the renewable energy
resource, we go for the non-renewable energy resource to generate the needed
2
power. The non-renewable energy resources use the fuels which make harmful
to the human and also other living beings. So, the use of renewable energy must
be increased. As a part of that here we are using solar power as a primary
source.
The project is designed for LED based street lights with auto intensity
control using solar power from photovoltaic cells. As awareness for solar
energy is increasing, more and more individuals and institutions are opting for
solar energy. Photovoltaic panels are used for charging batteries by converting
the sunlight into electricity. A charge controller circuit is used to control the
charging.
Solar street lights are beneficial in that the day to day running and
maintenance costs are reduced, save energy, environment friendly and
convenient to install. It is powered by mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline
solar panels which convert the solar energy into electricity saved in the storage
batteries. It can be controlled by a control system to prevent storage batteries
from over-charging and over-discharging.
Automatic streetlight needs no manual operation of switching ON and
OFF. The system itself detects whether there is need for light or not. When
darkness rises to a certain level then automatically streetlight is switched ON
and when there is other source of light, the streetlight switches OFF. This is
done by a sensor called light dependent resistor (LDR) which senses the light
3
actually like our eyes. This vital use of light gives rise to the idea of using solar
energy to power street lights as an alternative to electricity.
1.1 THE SYSTEM DESIGN
The design is such that the solar panel will be installed on the galvanized
pole considering some specifications like angle of tilt and direction of sunlight.
The 24V dc battery that will power the LED bulbs will be connected to the solar
panel via the charge controller for charging purpose. The pole will be
constructed such that it will be able to hold the LED bulb or lamp.
1.2 PV MODULE
Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting
solar radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit
the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels
composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material.
Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride and copper
indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Photovoltaic module or solar module is a
packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be
used as a component of larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply
4
electricity. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of
power, most installations contain multiple panels. a photovoltaic system
typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a solar
tracker and interconnection wiring. Electrical connections are made in series to
achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current
capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain
silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells
must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system.
1.3 CHARGE CONTROLLER
The charge controller serves as an interface between the current generated
by the module and the battery charging during the day. The battery is prevented
from over-current or over- charging by the charge controller. The charge
controller is an electronic circuit comprising an operational amplifier
(connected in comparator mode), an electronic switch (transistor) and an
electromechanical switch (relay). The circuit is switched ON or OFF by the
transistor in saturation region or cut off region respectively, which is controlled
by the signal from LDR. The collector current from the transistor toggles
between ON or OFF modes.
5
1.4 INVERTER
The inverter is an apparatus which converts direct current into alternating
current. The inverter does not produce any power. The power is provided by the
DC source. A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination
of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static
inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process.
1.5 BATTERY
A Battery is an electric cell or a device that converts chemical energy into
electricity. It consists of two or more cells connected in series or parallel, but
the term is also used for single cells. All cells consist of a liquid, paste, or solid
electrolyte and a positive electrode, and a negative electrode. The electrolyte is
an ionic conductor; one of the electrodes will react, producing electrons, while
the other will accept electrons. When the electrodes are connected to a device to
be powered, called a load, an electrical current flows.
1.6 AC SUPPLY
An additional AC supply is provided to the battery when the solar power
generation fails to produce sufficient amount of energy for the charging of
battery. It is connected to the battery though a step down transformer, AC-DC
6
converter and switching circuit. When the solar power is not enough to charge
the battery, it will be switched to the AC supply automatically.
1.7 SWITCHING CIRCUIT AND SENSOR
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is provided to sense the atmospheric
light and it will give a corresponding signal to the switching circuit. Already a
switching level limit will be determined in the switching circuit. When the level
of light reaches the limit, the switching circuit will start to conduct and the
battery will be charged.
1.8 LED LAMP
These are lamps made from semiconductor materials in the similitude of
light emitting diodes such that several light emitting diodes are combined to
yield an LED lamp. Since the output of an individual unit in terms of power is
small compared to incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps, the most recent
of these lamps possess internal circuits that make them operate from standard
AC voltage. However, for the sake of this project, DC lamps are to be used.
LED lamps offer long life and high efficiency, but with initial high costs
compared to fluorescent tubes or lamps. LED units naturally emit light in a very
small band of wavelengths, thereby producing strongly coloured lights. The
colour is a characteristic of the energy band gap of the semiconductor material
used in manufacturing it.
7
CHAPTER 2
BASICS OF THE PROJECT
2.1 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 2.1 Basic block diagram
8
2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The figure 2.1 shows the block diagram of solar powered led street light
with automated power supply system. In this system, it consists of a
photovoltaic panel, DC-DC converter, battery, inverter, step up transformer and
load. Also it consists of LDR, switching circuit, AC-DC converter, step down
transformer which are connected to the AC supply.
The sun light will directly flow at the photovoltaic panel. The photovoltaic
panel (solar panel) absorbs solar energy from the sun light. The solar panel
consists of number of solar cell. It converts the solar energy in to electric
energy. The generated electric energy is 12V DC supply. The generated energy
will be a variable DC energy. It needs a fixed DC supply to charge the battery.
The generated variable DC is converted into fixed DC by the use of a DC-DC
converter. The DC-DC converter will convert variable DC voltage in to fixed
DC voltage and gives it to the battery. This is given to the battery through a
battery charge controller. The purpose of the charge controller is to disconnect
the supply to the battery, whenever the battery is fully charged. The battery used
in the system is 24V. The continuous charging of battery after it is fully charged
will reduce the battery backup and damage it. When the battery is fully charged,
9
the charge controller will disconnect the supply and protect the battery. And
when the battery level comes down it will close the circuit.
An additional AC supply is provided to the battery when the solar power
generation fails to produce sufficient amount of energy for the charging of
battery. It is connected to the battery though a step down transformer, AC-DC
converter, switching circuit and charge controller. The circuit consist of an LDR
connected to the switching circuit. LDR stands for Light Dependent Resistor.
The LDR will sense the light and depending on the light it will give signal to the
switching circuit. When the signal senses below the point which already set in
the switching circuit, it will close the circuit and gives AC supply to the battery.
When the signal senses above the point, it opens the circuit and disconnect the
AC supply from the battery.
Now at the discharging section of the battery, a single phase inverter and a
step down transformer is connected. Whenever the load is needed, the battery
will discharge. The output of the battery is 24V DC. This DC supply is given to
the single phase inverter. The single phase inverter will convert the DC-AC
supply. The output of the inverter is 24V AC. This 24V AC supply is given to
the step-up transformer. In the primary of the step-up transformer, the thickness
of the winding will be high but the number of turns will be less. In the
secondary of the step-up transformer the thickness of the winding will be low
10
and the number of turns in the secondary winding will be high. The step-up
transformer will step up the voltage to 220V and give it to the load. Here we are
using a 20W LED light as load. The DC supply from the battery inverted into
AC, since the LED lamp we are using here glow only in the AC supply. Thus
during the day time, the solar panel will generate DC power from the sun light
and it will be stored in the battery. Then during the night time, the battery will
be discharged to the LED light.
11
CHAPTER 3
INVERTER
The inverter is an apparatus which converts direct current into alternating
current. The power of a battery is converted in to ‘main voltages’ or AC power.
This power can be used for electronic appliances like television, mobile phones,
computer etc. The main function of the inverter is to convert DC to AC and
step-up transformer is used to create main voltages from resulting AC.
The inverter does not produce any power. The power is provided by the
DC source. A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination
of mechanical effects (such as a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry. Static
inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process.
The inverter should be chosen so that its input voltage matches that of the
storage battery. Here the inverter is made for the 24V DC to 24V AC
conversion.
12
3.1 INVERTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 3.1 Inverter block diagram
13
3.1.1 EXPLANATION
The fig3.1 shows the basic block diagram of inverter. The DC output from
the battery is given to the output of the inverter is to convert the DC voltage to
AC voltage. This operation is controlled by a driver circuit and a control circuit
(micro controller). The driver circuit is used to drive the inverter circuit. The
gate signal will be driven by the driver circuit. The output is based on the gate
signal given by the switch which will generate the output AC signal. The
microcontroller is used to give the PWM signal to the driver circuit. The PWM
signal is given to the ICs of the driver circuit. So that the ICs control the
switching operation. Thus the obtained AC output is given to the step-up
transformer.
14
3.2 INVERTER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 3.2 Inverter circuit diagram
15
3.2.1 EXPLANATION
Fig3.2 is the circuit diagram for the inverter. It consists of four MOSFET
switches. The combination of the resister and capacitor which are connected in
series are called as bypass circuit this bypass circuit is connected in by parallel
with each MOSFET switches. The inverter circuit use four MOSFET they are
S1, S2, S3, S4 the MOSFET switch consist on three terminals. They are gate
drain and source. The out from the battery is given as the input to the inverter
circuit.
Inverter is a device which is used to convert DC to AC supply. Inverter
operator in two conditions at first the switch S1 and S2 are conducting and at
same time the switches S3, S4 are non-conducting so the switches S1, S2 with
be in closed condition and the switch S3, S4 will be in open condition. So the
positive will be flow from S1 to A’ terminal. The negative voltage will flow
from S2 to b-element .So that a half cycle of a voltage is created. The switches
S3, S4 are active on the switches S1,S2 are in deactivated state so the switch
S3,S4 are in open conductor at that time the positive voltage with flow from S3
to B’ terminal and negative voltage will flow from S4 to n-element so that
another half cycle of Ac voltage is produce. This operation repeated and a
complete Ac voltage is obtained.
16
3.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT
3.3.1 DRIVER CIRCUIT (PART 1)
Fig 3.3 Driver circuit (Part 1) for the inverter
17
3.3.1.1 EXPLANATION
Fig 3.3 shows the driver circuit 1 for the inverter. This part of the driver
circuit consist of IC4081, 4506/6N137, IC4584. A microcontroller
DSPIC30F4011 is used to provide pulse width modulation signal to circuit. The
PWM out from the microcontroller is given to the input pins of the IC4081.
IC4081 is an AND gate. +5V supply is supply is provided for this IC. The
output from this IC is given to the input pin of the 4506. The 4506/6N137 is an
opto-coupler IC. This IC works depends upon the signal in the anode terminal
and the enable signal. An LED is connected placed inside in between the anode
and cathode terminals. The photo transistor inside it The output of this IC is
given to the IC4584. It is a NOT gate. The output of this IC is given as the input
to the IR2110 which is in the second part of the inverter circuit.
18
3.3.2 DRIVER CIRCUIT (PART 2A)
Fig 3.4 Driver circuit (Part 2A) for the inverter
19
3.3.3 DRIVER CIRCUIT (PART 2B)
Fig 3.5 Driver circuit (Part 2B) for the inverter
20
3.3.3.1 EXPLANATION
The output from 1st part of the driver circuit is given to the input pin of the
IR2110. This IR2110 is designed by using four MOSFET. They are high
voltage, high speed power, MOSFET and IGBT drivers with independent high
and low side reference output channel. The logic input are compatible with
standard CMOS output, down to 3.3V logic propagation delay are matched to
simplify using high frequency application. The floating channel can be used to
drive an N-channel power MOSFET. In the high side configuration which
operates 500-600V. The main purpose of IR2110 is to protect the micro
processor from high voltage. Proper protection circuits are given to the output
side of the IR2110 and the output voltage is given to the gate and source of the
inverter circuit.
21
CHAPTER 4
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
4.1 IC4081
4.1.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 4.1 PIN diagram of IC4081
22
4.1.2 DESCRIPTION:
IC4081 is a positive logic AND gates with two inputs respectively. Since
all the outputs o these gates are equipped with the buffer circuits of inverters,
the input/output propagation characteristics has been improved and variation of
propagation time caused by increase of load capacity is kept minimum.
4.1.3 TRUTH TABLE
A B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Table No. 4.1 IC4081 truth table
4.1.4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS:
(Voltages referenced to VSS, Note 1)
DC Supply Voltage, VDD ................................................. −0.5 to +18.0V
Input Voltage (DC or Transient), Vin ...............................−0.5 to VDD to +0.5V
Output Voltage (DC or Transient), Vout .......................... −0.5 to VDD to +0.5V
Input Current (DC or Transient, Per Pin), Iin ...................±10Ma
Output Current (DC or Transient, Per Pin), Iout .............. ±10mA
Power Dissipation (Per Package), PD ................................500mW
Temperature Derating (from +65° to +125°C) ...................−7.0mW/°C
Storage Temperature, Testing ............................................. −65° to +150°C
Lead Temperature (During Soldering, 8sec max), TL .........+260°C
23
4.2 4506/6N137
4.2.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 4.2 PIN diagram of 4506/6N137
4.2.2 C IRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 4.3 Circuit diagram of 4506/6N137
24
4.2.3 DESCRIPTION
The 6N137, VO2601, and VO2611 are single channel 10 MBd
optocouplers utilizing a high efficient input LED coupled with an integrated
optical photodiode IC detector. The detector has an open drain NMOS-transistor
output, providing less leakage compared to an open collector Schottky clamped
transistor output. The VO2630, VO2631 and VO4661 are dual channel 10 MBd
optocouplers. For the single channel type, an enable function on pin 7 allows
the detector to be strobed. The internal shield provides a guaranteed common
mode transient immunity of 5 kV/μs for the VO2601 and VO2631 and 15 kV/μs
for the VO2611 and VO4661. The use of a 0.1 μF bypass capacitor connected
between pin 5 and 8 is recommended.
4.2.4 FEATURES
• Choice of CMR performance of 15 kV/μs, 5 kV/μs, and 1000 V/μs
• High speed: 10 MBd typical
• +5 V CMOS compatibility
• Pure tin leads
• Guaranteed AC and DC performance over temperature: -40 °C to +100 °C
temperature range
• Meets IEC 60068-2-42 (SO2) and IEC 60068-2-43 (H2S) requirements
• Low input current capability of 5 mA
25
4.3 IC4584
4.3.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 4.4 PIN diagram of IC 4584
26
4.3.2 DESCRIPTION
The IC4584 is the 6-circuit inverter having the Schmitt trigger function at the
input terminal.That is, since the circuit threshold level voltages at the leading
and trailing edges of input waveform are different (Vp,Vn), the IC4584 can be
used in the broad range application including line receiver, waveform shaping
circuit, astable multivibrator, monostable multivibrator, etc.Since the pins are
compatible with the IC4069, the substitution is also possible.
4.3.3 MAXIMUM RATINGS
DC Supply Voltage, VDD ............................................ VSS-0.5~ VSS +20V
Input Voltage, VIN ....................................................... VSS-0.5~VDD+0.5V
Output Voltage , VOUT ................................................ VSS-0.5~ VDD +0.5V
DC Input Current , IIN ................................................. ±10mA
Power Dissipation, PD .................................................300(DIP)/180(SOIC)mW
Operating Temperature,Topr ......................................-40~85°C
Storage Temperature range, Tstg ............................... -65~150°C
4.3.4 TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUTA Y0 11 0
Table No. 4.2 IC4584 Truth table
27
4.4 IR2110
4.4.1 PIN DIAGRAM
Fig 4.5 PIN diagram of IR2110
4.4.2 LEAD DEFINITIONS
Table No. 4.3 IR2110 Lead definition
28
4.4.3 DESCRIPTION
The IR2110/IR2113 are high voltage, high speed power MOSFET and
IGBT drivers with independent high and low side referenced output channels.
Proprietary HVIC and latch immune CMOS technologies enable ruggedized
monolithic construction. Logic inputs are compatible with standard CMOS or
LSTTL output, down to 3.3V logic. The output drivers feature a high pulse
current buffer stage designed for minimum driver cross-conduction.
Propagation delays are matched to simplify use in high frequency applications.
The floating channel can be used to drive an N-channel power MOSFET or
IGBT in the high side configuration which operates up to 500 or 600 volts.
4.4.4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING
Table No. 4.4 IR2110 Absolute maximum rating
29
CHAPTER 5
MICROCONTROLLER DSPIC30F4011
5.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF DSPIC30F4011 MICROCONTROLLER
Fig 5.1 Pin diagram of DSPIC30F4011 Microcontroller
30
5.2 PIN DESCRIPTION
31
PIN DESCRIPTION (Contd..)
Table No. 5.1 DSPIC30F4011 Microcontroller Pin description
32
5.3 DSP ENGINE FEATURES:
• Dual data fetch
• Accumulator write-back for DSP operations
• Modulo and Bit-Reversed Addressing modes
• Two, 40-bit wide accumulators with optional saturation logic
• 17-bit x 17-bit single-cycle hardware fractional/integer multiplier
• All DSP instructions are single cycle
• ±16-bit, single-cycle shift
5.4 PERIPHERAL FEATURES:
• High-current sink/source I/O pins: 25 mA/25 mA
• Timer module with programmable prescaler:
- Five 16-bit timers/counters; optionally pair 16-bit timers into 32-bit timer
modules
• 16-bit Capture input functions
• 16-bit Compare/PWM output functions
• 3-wire SPI modules (supports 4 Frame modes)
• I2C™ module supports Multi-Master/Slave mode and 7-bit/10-bit addressing
• Two UART modules with FIFO Buffers
• CAN module, 2.0B compliant
33
5.5 MOTOR CONTROL PWM MODULE FEATURES:
• Six PWM output channels:
- Complementary or Independent Output modes
- Edge and Center-Aligned modes
• Three duty cycle generators
• Dedicated time base
• Programmable output polarity
• Dead-time control for Complementary mode
• Manual output control
• Trigger for A/D conversions
5.6 QUADRATURE ENCODER INTERFACE MODULE FEATURES:
• Phase A, Phase B and Index Pulse input
• 16-bit up/down position counter
• Count direction status
• Position Measurement (x2 and x4) mode
• Programmable digital noise filters on inputs
• Alternate 16-bit Timer/Counter mode
• Interrupt on position counter rollover/underflow
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5.7 ANALOG FEATURES:
• 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) with four Sample and Holde (S&H)
inputs:
- 1 Msps conversion rate
- Nine input channels
- Conversion available during Sleep and Idle
• Programmable Brown-out Reset
5.8 SPECIAL DIGITAL SIGNAL CONTROLLER FEATURES:
• Enhanced Flash program memory:
- 10,000 erase/write cycle (min.) for industrial temperature range, 100K
(typical)
• Data EEPROM memory:
- 100,000 erase/write cycle (min.) for industrial temperature range, 1M (typical)
• Self-reprogrammable under software control
• Power-on Reset (POR), Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up
Timer (OST)
• Flexible Watchdog Timer (WDT) with on-chip, low-power RC oscillator for
reliable operation
• Fail-Safe Clock Monitor operation detects clock failure and switches to on
chip, low-power RC oscillator
• Programmable code protection
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5.9 PROGRAM
#include "p30F4011.h"
#include "stdio.h"
// Configuration settings
_FOSC(CSW_FSCM_OFF & FRC_PLL4); // Fosc=4x7.5MHz=30MHz,
Fcy=7.5MHz
_FWDT(WDT_OFF); // Watchdog timer off
void InitADC10(void);
void InitMCPWM(void);
DTCON2=0x0000; // Dead time provided by unit A
/***************************************************************
******
The ADC interrupt loads the PDCx registers with the demand pot value.
This is only done when the motor is running.
****************************************************************
*****/
void _ISR _ADCInterrupt(void)
{
IFS0bits.ADIF = 0;
if (1)
{
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PDC1 = ADCBUF0; // get value ...
PDC2 = PDC1; // and load all three PWMs ...
}
}
int main(void)
{
LATE = 0x0000;
TRISE = 0xFFC0; // PWMs are outputs
InitMCPWM();
InitADC10();
while(1)
{
OVDCON = 0x0600 ;
PWMCON1 = 0x0312; // enable PWM outputs
__delay32(75000); // 10 ms delay
OVDCON = 0x0900 ;
PWMCON1 = 0x0321; // enable PWM outputs
__delay32(75000); //10 ms delay
}
}
void InitADC10(void)
{
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ADPCFG = 0xFFFB; // all PORTB = Digital;RB0= analog
ADCON1 = 0x0064; // simultaneouus samples and MCPWM starts conv
ADCON2 = 0x0000; // simulataneous sample 4 channels
ADCHS = 0x0002; // Connect RB2/AN2 as CH0 = pot ..
// ch1 = Vbus, Ch2 = Motor, Ch3 = pot
ADCON3 = 0x0000; // Tad = internal RC (4uS)
IFS0bits.ADIF = 0;// interrupt flag status register
IEC0bits.ADIE = 1;// interrupt enable control register
ADCON1bits.ADON = 1; // turn ADC ON
}
/***************************************************************
*****
InitMCPWM, intializes the PWM as follows:
1. FPWM = 5k Hz, FCY=30MHZ/4 = 7.5MHZ
2. Independant PWMs
3. Control outputs using OVDCON
4. Set Duty Cycle with the ADC value read from pot
5. Set ADC to be triggered by PWM special trigger
****************************************************************
*****/
void InitMCPWM(void)
{
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//PTPER = FCY/FPWM - 1;
PTPER = 374;
PWMCON1 = 0x0300; // independent outputp mode & disable PWMs
//PWMCON1 = 0x0000; //complementary outputp mode & disable PWMs
PTCONbits.PTCKPS = 1; // prescale=1:64 (0=1:1, 1=1:4, 2=1:16, 3=1:64)
OVDCON = 0x0000; // allow control using OVD
PDC1 = 0;// Initialize duty cycle
PDC2 = 0;
SEVTCMP = PTPER;// special event trigger, cmp value bits
PWMCON2 = 0x0F00; //16 postscale val',spl event trigger ps val's
DTCON1=0x00FF; // dead time control , 8TCY and integer 3
PTCON = 0x8000; // time base cntl , pwm trigger is ON
}
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CHAPTER 6
LED LIGHT
An LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED) product that is assembled into
a lamp (or light bulb) for use in lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan
and electrical efficiency that is several times better than incandescent lamps,
and significantly better than most fluorescent lamps, with some chips able to
emit more than 100 lumens per watt.
Like incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps (e.g. tubes
and compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs), LEDs come to full brightness without
need for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting is also reduced by
frequent switching on and off. Initial cost of LED is usually higher. Degradation
of LED dye and packaging materials reduces light output to some extent over
time.
Some LED lamps are made to be a directly compatible drop-in replacement for
incandescent or fluorescent lamps. An LED lamp packaging may show
the lumen output, power consumption in watts, color temperature in kelvins or
description (e.g. "warm white"), operating temperature range, and sometimes
the equivalent wattage of an incandescent lamp of similar luminous output.
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6.1 DESCRIPTION
These high quality ultra thin IP65 waterproof LED based flood lights are
perfect for great for outdoor lighting such as landscape, inside and outside door,
construction building, advertisement billboard, play yard, garden, swimming
pool. They are suitable for all weather types and can be used to light small and
large areas. This unique design uses high powered 20watt LED, configured for
the greatest light output in the smallest space. Housed in a specially designed
reflector, to produce the maximum light spread. With a 50,000 hour life span
and low power consumption these flood lights will help cut your electric bill
dramatically. Using so little energy and still getting a high powered light you
will also be doing a little bit more to help us save the environment. This light is
built to the highest standards-top quality. It is not a light weight filmsy
construction. It is very solidly built and satisfaction is guaranteed. Designed as a
replacement of traditional high output flood light. It is water proof for outdoor
and indoor.
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6.2 SPECIFICATION
Light type : LED
Light colour : Cool white
Colour temperature : 6000-6500K
Luminous intensity : 1800 Lumens
LED total power : 20W
Housing : High strength aluminium
Alloy : 5mm high strength glass (cover)
Life span : >50,000 hours
Beaming angle : 120° (Degrees)
Light decay : Less than 5% in 10,000 hours testing
Product weight : 500g
Power : 90-240V
Terminal size : 7x5.5 Inch
Unit protection rating : IP65
Unit body : Die-cast Aluminium housing
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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
The solar energy is one of the important and major renewable sources of
energy and has also proven it useful in functioning of applications like street
lights. The charge control is necessary in order to achieve safety and increase
the capacity of the battery. In cities, currently thousands of street lights are
operated and the yearly electricity maintenance cost is very high. The initial
cost and maintenance can be the draw backs of this project. With the advances
in technology and good resource planning the cost of the project can be cut
down and also with the use of good equipment the maintenance can also be
reduced in terms of periodic checks. For these reasons our project presents far
more advantages.
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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
https://www.onsemi.com/pub/Collateral/TND346-D.PDF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp
http://www.shopclues.com/solar-powered-led-street-light-with-auto-intensity-control-diy-kit.html
