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Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsProfessor Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD
Fall 2009 - Lecture 1
What is structure?Structure/Architecture Interaction
State of Art of Tall Buildings (from modern era to present)
Stability
Equilibrium
What is Structure
Human Comfort
Strength
Stiffness
What is Structure
Redundancy
variation of B with design parameters
Structure under earthquake : Global Ductility
What is Structure
Ductility Demand and Capacity
Efficiency
- Materials
- Gravity System
- Lateral System
- Foundation
Constructability
- Simplicity
- Time
What is Structure
Steel Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems
160
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
NU
MB
ER
OF
OFF
ICE
STO
RIE
S
Efficiency of Structural Steel Systems
NU
MB
ER O
F ST
OR
IES
(OFF
ICE
BU
ILD
ING
S)
POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOR (PSF)
structure20-30%
MEP20-25%
elevator system6-12%
architecture30-40%
Structural Economy, Efficiency and ConstructabilityCost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
World Map
World’s Tallest Buildings Chart
Meter
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
• Location: 875 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Groundbreaking: 1965
• Completion: 1969
• Use: Mixed use
• Height: 1127 feet (344 meters)
• Floor Count: 100
• Floor Area: 853,432 sq.ft. (260,126 sq.m.)
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Contractor: Tishman Construction Company
- Developer: John Hancock Insurance
John Hancock Center
Structural System
Sears Tower
• Location: 233 S Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Groundbreaking: 1972
• Completion: 1974
• Use: Office
• Height: 1451 feet (442 meters)
• Floor Count: 110
• Floor Area: 4,497,700 sq.ft. (418,064 sq.m.)
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP- Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
- Contractor: Morse-Diesel Inc.
- Developer: Sears, Roebuck and Company
Structural System
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Column Axial Load Distribution
Load behavior
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Connection Details
Frame ConstructionBelt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration
Sears Tower, Chicago, 1974
Modular Parts
Superstructure Construction
One Magnificent Mile
• Location: 940 N Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Groundbreaking: 1978
• Completion: 1983
• Use: Mixed
• Height: 673 feet (205 meters)
• Floor Count: 57
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Structural System
Structural Analysis
• Location: 441 E. Erie Street, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: completed
• Completion: 1986
• Use: Mixed use
• Height: 570 feet (174 meters)
• Floor Count: 58
- Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP - Structural Engineer: Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
Onterie Center
Architectural plan / section
The Attack
The World Trade Center Site, New YorkTwin Towers, 1973 (Top), Freedom Tower, 2011 (Down)
World Trade Center
• Groundbreaking: August 5, 1966
• Completion: April 4, 1973
• Destroyed: September 11, 2001
• Use: Office
• Height: 1368 / 1362 feet (417 / 415 meters)
- Architect: Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons Consulting- Engineers: John Skilling & Leslie Robertson- Contractor: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Typical tower floor plan
Site plan
conceptual view of floor systemconceptual view of structural system
Simulation of the collapse
http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wgbh/mediastorage/nova/minutes/2907_220.rm
Simulation of the collapse
Impact of 9/11 and the 2008 Real Estate crisis on Tall Building Construction
Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1998(Architect: SOM)
Skyscraper built before 9/11
Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004(Architect: SOM)
Skyscraper built after 9/11
Swiss Re Tower, London, UK, 2004(Architect: Norman Foster)
Turning Torso, Malmö Harbor, Sweden, 2005(Architect: Santiago Calatrava)
Torre Caja Madrid, Madrid, Spain(Architect: Norman Foster) under construction, 2008
Shanghai World Trade Center, Shanghai, China (Architect: KPF)
under construction, 2008
Chicago Spire
• Location: 400 N Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois
• Status: under construction
• Groundbreaking: June 25, 2007
• Completion: 2011 estimated
• Use: Residential
• Height: 2000 feet (609.6 meters)
• Floor Count: 150
• Floor Area: 3,000,000 sq.ft. (278,709 sq.m.)
- Architect: Santiago Calatrava and Perkins+Will- Structural Engineer: Thorton Tomasetti- Contractor: Case Foundation- Developer: Shelbourne Development
America’s Tallest Building
Foundation
• 34 concrete and steel caissons 36.5m (120’) deep
• 32m (104’) diameter cofferdam 24m (78’) deep
• 1m (3.2’) wide perimeter wall 24.2m (80’) deep
• 98 bell caissons to support substructure
Superstructure
• Composite structural system : concrete core and steel columns
• 7 w-shaped mega columns at ground level rise to become 21 internal columns
• Columns shift inwards at each of the 4 outrigger floors
• 6” thick light weight reinforced concrete slab rotates 2 degrees on every floor
Calatrava’s sketch
Calatrava’s sketch
Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE (Architect: SOM)
under construction, 2008
Infinity Tower, Dubai, UAE(Architect: SOM)
under construction, 2008
White Luchung Plaza, Shanghai, China
Davinci Tower, Dubai, UAE(Architect: Fisher)
New City Hall Proposal, Guangzhou, Chinaproposed
Nile Tower, Cairo, Egypt(Architect: Zaha Hadid)
proposed
Dubai Towers
• Location: Dubai, UAE
• Status: proposed
• Completion: 2011
• Use: Mixed
• Height: 1805 feet (550 meters)
• Floor Count: 120
• Floor Area: 2,259,264 sq.ft. (210,000 sq.m.)
- Architect: Thompson, Ventulett, Stainback- Structural Engineer: cdci engineers international- Developer: Sama
HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA
TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m
TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m
TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m
TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m
Tower29Height 550m
Towers Heights and Areas
Architectural ModelStructural ModelPreliminary structural sketch
Elevator Core/ Plan Layout
Typical Facade
Spire
Tall Building Research at IIT
Tall Building Research at IIT
Tall Building Research at IIT
Plaza Level Floor Plan − 1st Floor
Office Zone 3 − Local 2: 74th − 76th
Hotel Guest Rooms: 108th
Hangkang City Tower, Seoul, Koreaproposed, 1996
Tall Building Research at IIT
Form Stiffened Structures Research at IIT