Tonny iturriago

Technical Review of Petroleum Engineering

January, 2016 -Vol 1- Num 1

Editorial IUPSM-MARACAIBO

Publishing and Writing By Tonny Felipe Iturriago

School of Petroleum Engineering


Content OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SUNFLOWER OIL

USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY.

By: Mojtaba Mansourpoor and Dr. Ahmad Shariati / Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo

DEMAND OUTLOOK: AL GOLDEN AGE OF NATURAL GAS

By: William Liss . Gas Tecnology institute/ Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo

OFFSHORE DRILLING

By: Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo

SURFACE SEPARATOR EXPERIMENT VALIDATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

FOR RESERVOIR STUDIES BEHAVIOR

By: ULA /Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo


Preface

Petroleum engineering, petroleum engineering,

petroleum engineering and petroleum engineering is the

part of engineering that combines scientific and practical

methods aimed at developing techniques to discover,

develop, develop, transport, process and treat oil from

its natural state, at the site until the final products or

derivatives.

In this magazine of technical articles related to

petroleum engineering various relevant aspects of great

importance mentioned in how to peroforacion, refining

and projected gas demand both in Venezuela and in the

world

Tonny Felipe Iturriago

OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM

SUNFLOWER OIL USING RESPONSE SURFACE

METHODOLOGY.

First you must define the biodiesel (biofuel) is a liquid

obtained from natural lipids such as vegetable and animal fats or oils, with or without use, 1 by industrial processes of esterification and transesterification, and is applied in the preparation of Total or partial substitute for petrodiesel oil or gas oil. Biodiesel can be blended with diesel fuel from oil refining in different amounts. Abbreviated notations are used as the volume percentage of biodiesel in the blend: B100 only when using biodiesel, or other notations as B5, B15, B30 or B50, where the number indicates the percentage by volume of biodiesel in the blend. Vegetable oil, whose properties for driving motors are known since the invention of the diesel engine through the work of Rudolf Diesel, and was destined for conventional combustion engines or adapted diesel cycle. At the beginning of the century, in the context of seeking new sources of renewable energy, its development was promoted for use in automobiles as an alternative fuel to petroleum.

By: Mojtaba Mansourpoor and Dr. Ahmad Shariati / Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo



METHODOLOGY.

The exponential growth of the world

population will ultimately lead to increased demand for energy in the world. Oil is a nonrenewable energy source, which means that such resources are finite and fossil fuels would be exhausted after continuous use. Both resource scarcity and rising price of gasoline has led to the results of the new alternative and renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is defined as a fuel composed of mono-alkyl ethers of fatty acids derived from long chain vegetable oils or animal fats. Non-toxic, biodegradable and available, it has a high heat value, high oxygen content (10-11%) and contains no sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel is a plant derived product, and which contains oxygen in its molecule, which is a cleaner-burning diesel fuel and gasoline.

Several studies have shown that biodiesel is a better than fossil diesel in terms of engine performance, emissions reduction, lubricity, fuel and environmental benefits. Feedstocks current biodiesel production or-mono alkyl ester are vegetable oil, animal fats and micro algae oil. Among them, the vegetable oil is currently used as raw material sustainable business. Among the more than 350 oil crops identified only sunflower, safflower, soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed and peanuts are considered as potential alternative fuel for diesel engines. Vegetable oil is a renewable fuel that recently have become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is from renewable resources .Vegetable oil has a viscosity too high for use in most diesel engines existing fuel oil as a straight replacement..



METHODOLOGY.

Materials and Equipment

To use this test sunflower oil as well as a device

used in this work include reactor overhead stirrer is used. The reactor used was a LR 2000P modularly expandable The IKA laboratory reactor was jacketed double walled vessels 2 liters available in stainless steel with bottom discharge valve. A mixer with 8-290 rpm model Eurostar Power Control Visc P7-top stirrer is used for mixing the reaction medium. The temperature inside the reactor was controlled by a hot water bath.



METHODOLOGY.

Experiments And Methods

Various types of oils can be used for the production of biodiesel. most

common types of oils are sunflower oil. Kinetic experiments batch reaction were used to optimize various parameters in the production of methyl ethers. The transesterification reactions are carried out under various

conditions to determine optimum conditions of transesterification. Two liters of sunflower oil poured into the reactor and allowed to equilibrate to reaction temperature at 290 rpm. The hot water circulating in the reactor jacket provided the necessary heat for the reaction. Variable quantities of

catalyst were dissolved in various amounts of methanol as described in each test. After reaching a necessary temperature it was added potassium

methoxide reagent and was kept for 2 hours for reaction completion. After 2 hours the transesterification reaction was completed and mixture was

removed from the reactor and poured into separator funnel to biodiesel separated from glycerol. The two phase separation is gravity requires at

least 4 hours.

DEMAND OUTLOOK: AL GOLDEN AGE OF

NATURAL GAS

. By: William Liss . Gas Tecnology institute/ Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo

Natural gas is a mixture of hydrogen and

carbon compounds and small amounts of hydrocarbon compounds in the gas phase or in solution with the crude oil that is in the reservoir Natural gas is a cost-competitive and efficient energy fuel price, which we use in our kitchen, to heat our homes, as fuel for the industry to generate electricity as a commodity for organic chemical synthesis. Fuel is cleaner than fossil exists, so it is more convenient to use this energy if it wanted to preserve our environment.

Fighting air pollution is something that concerns us all, therefore currently globally, we make every effort to control emissions of greenhouse gases. The gas as an energy alternative, shows a rising share of world energy markets and demand is expected to continue rising in the next twenty years.


NATURAL GAS


Gas deposits in the World The largest gas fields in the world are in the Middle East and the former Soviet Union occupying the 40 and 35% respectively. This is an unequal distribution as the sum of both parts of the world reserves of natural gas approaching three quarters. Due to the wide use of gas in different industries, every day the quality is optimized search techniques of these deposits. It is also possible to find natural gas in oil fields, about 1 m³ oil is accompanied by 85 cubic meters of natural gas.


NATURAL GAS


Gas deposits in Venezuela

The largest gas reserves in Venezuela are in

the north and northwest of the country, on the shores of the Caribbean and Atlantic continental shelf, occupying an area of over 500,000 square kilometers. In the west of the country it has gas reserves of 35 trillion cubic feet and in the eastern part amounts to 65 trillion cubic feet. Gas fields in Venezuela are promising to the extent that production estimates are expected to increase in the period up to 2012, from 6,300 million to 11,500 million cubic feet per day (MMSCFD).

Production in the west of the country will increase from 1100-1400 MMPCD in the center of the country, specifically in the

area of Placer Yucal production from 100 to 300 MMcfd be increased; Anaco and 1,700 million to 2,794 million cubic feet.

All this without the addition of

production from Mariscal Sucre project whose activities are estimated in the

order of 1,200 million cubic feet, and the Deltana platform by 1,000 MMcfd.


NATURAL GAS


Gas deposits in Venezuela

OFFSHORE DRILLING

. By: Tonny Iturriago IUPSM-Maracaibo

In 1897, off the coast of California (USA) it was when I first was drilled in

offshore. At that time, the techniques used were not as sophisticated as today and not a number of considerations were made before drilling, such as water depth, climate, ocean currents, cost, reliability of equipment, etc. However, as the technology is refined marine operations to access deeper and challenging places, offshore drilling evolved in two main directions: wells drilled in areas where the water column increased every year and the subsea completion of wells. In general terms it has to drilling an oil well begins when a driver, which is nothing but a pipe that prevents water from seeping into the well, then the wick is lowered to the seabed is driven. The wick can be of various materials, mainly steel or tungsten with small industrial diamonds. The wick is connected to a drill string that is rotated from the platform, and dimensions depend on the characteristics of the hole to be drilled. Drilling the hole can last for weeks or even months.

OFFSHORE DRILLING


Well completion

In the subsea completion wells heads found on the

seabed connected to the flow lines that carry oil and gas to the surface of the first wells were completed from drill holes with the help of divers who directed the movement equipment and operating the valves. Currently, and due to the great depths reached, it has operated remote control that help this work vehicles In Figure the well completion process shown using a horizontal production tree. Generally this process can be summarized as follows:

OFFSHORE DRILLING


Well completion - Sleep well: fluid is injected and plugs stands to stop the flow of the well, then the drill string is retrieved. - Horizontal production tree, valves drilling, completion column is installed and the plugs recovered. - Completion: the well is conditioned, the fluid is changed by the

well completion, condition of back pressure is created in the well..

- Cannonades subsequently, and the column is recovered completion. - A hat of waste, which has telescopic legs installed.

- The well is suspended

- Connecting to the production line

SURFACE SEPARATOR EXPERIMENT VALIDATION

AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR RESERVOIR STUDIES

BEHAVIOR.


An important PVT experiment is surface separator, which

can be used to determine the performance of the fluids on the surface, and for the design of surface facilities. A description of the surface separator experiment, its main characteristics and the advantages of having an appropriate set of conditions of temperature and pressure to recover the maximum amount of oil in the battery separator it’s presented. The results of surface separator experiment reported by some laboratories are analyzed; also the main reasons why not having consistent results and key issues to review the quality of these studies are discussed for the purpose of incorporating reliable results in compositional simulation studies.

SURFACE SEPARATOR EXPERIMENT VALIDATION

AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR RESERVOIR STUDIES

BEHAVIOR.


Review separation experiments in stages

The experiment separation stages (SEE), it is a series of flash separation tests that are performed at different stages of pressure and temperature in the laboratory in order to reproduce the conditions in which the batteries will operate for a separation certain field, by this test can quantify the effect of the separation conditions of both pressure and temperature on laspropiedades oil, oil density, gas oil ratio, and gas composition and oil in order to be able to have an optimal set of conditions of separation to recover the maximum amount of liquid in the storage tank