Hydraulic Hydraulic TURBINESTURBINES

By : Akshay Dagadu Jadhav

What is a What is a TURBINETURBINE??????

A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a  fast moving flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and converts it into useful work.

A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.

Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. 

Basic types of Basic types of TURBINESTURBINES

• Water Turbine • Steam Turbine• Gas Turbine• Wind Turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their specific designs differ sufficiently to merit separate

descriptions.

WorkingWorking Principle Principle• When the fluid strikes the blades of the

turbine, the blades are displaced, which produces rotational energy.

• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric generator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.

Types of Water Types of Water TurbinesTurbines

• Impulse turbines• Reaction turbines

Impulse TurbineImpulse Turbine• In an impulse turbine,  fast moving fluid is

fired through a narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make them spin around.

• In an impulse turbine, the fluid is forced to hit the turbine at high speed.

• The transfer of energy in impulse turbines is described by Newton’s second law of motion.

Types of Impulse Types of Impulse TurbinesTurbinesI. Pelton Turbine

II. Cross-flow Turbine

Pelton WheelPelton Wheel• These are usually used for high head, low flow

power plants. • It was invented by Lester Ella Pelton in the 1870s.• Pelton wheels operate best with Drop height: (50

- 2000 m) and Flow rate is  (4 - 15 m3/s)

ApplicationsApplications• Pelton wheels are the preferred when the

available water source has relatively high hydraulic head at low flow rates.

• Mostly used Pico hydro electric power generation unit.

• Pelton wheels are made in all sizes. • For maximum power and efficiency, the wheel

and turbine system is designed such that the water jet velocity is twice the velocity of the rotating buckets.

 Cross-flowCross-flow Turbine Turbine

• It is developed by Anthony Michel, in 1903 and is used for low heads. (10–70 meters)

•  As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the turbine's edge. After passing the runner, it leaves on the opposite side.

• The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is well suited for locations with a low head but high flow.

ApplicationsApplications• The peak efficiency of a cross-flow turbine is

somewhat less than a kaplon, francis or pelton turbine.

• It has a low price, and good regulation.• As water going through the runner twice,

provides additional efficiency.• Cross-flow turbines are mostly used in mini and

micro hydropower units.  • Its good point as When the water leaves the

runner, it also helps clean the runner of small debris and pollution.

ReactionReaction Turbine Turbine• In reaction turbines torque developed  by

reacting to the fluid's pressure. • The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes

through the turbine rotor blades.• The turbine must be fully immersed in the flowing

fluid and the pressure casement is also provided for a working fluid.

Difference between Difference between impulse and reaction impulse and reaction turbineturbine

Types of Reaction Types of Reaction TurbinesTurbines• Kaplan Turbine

• Francis Turbine

• Kinetic Turbine

Kaplan TurbineKaplan Turbine• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has

adjustable blades and is used for low heads and high discharges.

• It was developed in 1913 by the Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan.

• The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.

• Water is directed tangentially through the wicket gate and spirals on to a propeller shaped runner, causing it to spin.

• The Kaplan turbine having drop height: 10 - 700 m and Flow rate 4 - 55 m3/s

Kaplan TurbineKaplan Turbine

ApplicationsApplications• Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the

world for electrical power production. They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions.

• Inexpensive micro turbines on the Kaplan turbine model are manufactured for individual power production with as little head.

• Large Kaplan turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically over 90%. They are very expensive to design, manufacture and install, but operate for decades.

Francis TurbineFrancis Turbine• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was

developed by James B.Franceis and are used for medium head (45-400m) and medium discharge (10-700 m3/s).

• The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine blades from the working fluid.

• The turbine's exit tube is shaped to help decelerate the water flow and recover the pressure.

• Water flow is radial from exterior to interior.

Francis TurbineFrancis Turbine

ApplicationsApplications

• Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000 ft).

• Its efficiency decreases as flow decreases.• They may also be used for pumped storage, where

a reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump) driven by the generator acting as a large electrical motor during periods of low power demand.

Kinetic TurbinesKinetic Turbines• Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow

turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water.

• The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents.

• Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway.

• They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes,

• They might have applications in such conduits. • Kinetic systems do not require large civil works;

however, they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels and do not require any dam or reservoir.

Kinetic TurbinesKinetic Turbines

STATION Region STATECAPACITY

(MW)TURBINE

Koyna Western Maharashtra 1,960Pelton (stage I & II) Francis (Stage III &

Stage IV)

Srisailam Dam

SouthernAndhra Pradesh,

Telangana1,670 Francis

Sharavathi Southern Karnataka 1608 FrancisNathpa Jhakri

NorthernHimachal Pradesh

1500 Francis

Sardar Sarovar

Western Gujarat 1450 Francis

Bhakra Dam Northern Punjab 1325 FrancisMulshi Dam Western Maharashtra 300 Pelton

Turbine used in Hydroelectric Power Turbine used in Hydroelectric Power Generation Unit Generation Unit

ReferencesReferences• Mechanical engineering department manuals Bhagwant

universty ajmer .

• Fluid mechanics with engineering applicatations 10 edition by E.John Finnemore and Joesph B. Franzini

• Hydraulics and Fluid mechanics by E.H.Lewitt 10th edition