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An Overview over Framing Theories and Methods as they are Used in Communications Sciences. Examples stem from Research on Climate Change Communication, as the presentation was held at the workshop "International Analyses of Climate Change Communication" at the University of Hamburg.
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@mss7676, [email protected], www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html
Analysing Framing in Comparative Studies on Climate Change Communication
Mike S. SchäferDept. of Communications / KlimaCampus, U Hamburg
What is Framing?
What is Framing?
Thomas König
Robert Entman
What is Framing? (Scheufele 1999)
Types of Frames
Formal: e.g. episodic vs. thematic (Iyengar)
Topical: either „generic“ frames (or ‚master frames‘) which are not issue specific (e.g. consequences, responsibility, conflict, human interest, morality; cf. Semetko & Valkenburg 2000) or issue specific frames
Types of Frame-Analyses (Matthes 2007)
Qualitative: inductive frame construction, close description, small no. of cases, often topical and issue specific frames
Manual holistic: a priori frame definition used in standardized content analysis, sometimes based on qual. pre-study, large(r) samples, broad range of frame types
Manual reductionist: a priori definition of frame elements which are used in standardized content analysis, statistical (re)construction of frames
Computer-Assisted: „frame mapping“ = identifying frames by searching for specific word combinations in texts
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser
Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser
Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
James Painter
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
Adam
, Häussler et al.
Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass.
Formal Fr.
Topical Frames: Generic
Dirikx/Gelders 2010
Painter
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Topical Frames: Issue Specific
Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/
Engesser
Brüggemann/
Engesser
Adam et al.
Ivanova
Wessler et al.
Nerlich (?)
An (Incomprehensive!) List of Questions
• (What) Can we Learn from Another? Can we develop Best Practice Models (at least within
the table‘s cells)?
• Is something missing from the analyses? (e.g. moral evaluation)
• What level of standardization/domestic adaptation did you use, w/ what experience?
• Apart from generic and issue specific frames: Are there country specific frames?
• (How) Can we deal with changing frames over time?
• What do frames stand for in our analyses, why do we analyze them, what do we learn from
them? What does this mean for our analyses?
• What about other kinds of frames: visual framing, emotional framing, …?
@mss7676, [email protected], www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html
Thanks for your Attention!
[email protected], @mss7676www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html
