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Representing Data using Static and Moving PatternsColin Ware
UNH
IntroductionFinding patterns is key to information visualization. Expert knowledge is about understanding patterns (Flynn effect)Example Queries: We think by making pattern queries on the worldPatterns showing groups?Patterns showing structure?When are patterns similar?How should we organize information on the screen?
The dimensions of space
The What ChannelPatterns of patterns
Two partsPart I: Static PatternsPart II: Patterns in Motion
Part I: Static PatternsGestalt Laws [Max Westheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler (1912)]ProximitySimilarityContinuitySymmetryClosureRelative SizeFigure and Ground
ProximityEmphasize relationship by proximitySpatial Concentrationa
Proximity
Similarity (Continued)Separable dimensionsIntegral dimensions
ConnectednessConnectedness assumed in Continuity
ContinuityVisual entities tend to be smooth and continuous
Continuity in DiagramsConnections using smooth lines
Graph aesthetics (experiment)Continuity (inv bendiness)In
Resultsrt = -4.970 + 1.390spl + 0.01699con + 0.654cr + 0.295br spl: Shortest path lengthcon: continuitycr: crossingsbr: branches
1 crossing adds .65 sec100 deg. adds 1.7 sec
1 crossing == 38 deg.
SymmetrySymmetry create visual whole
Prefer Symmetry
Symmetry (cont.)Using symmetry to show Similarities between time series data
ClosurePrefer closed contours
Closure (cont.)Closed contours to show set relationship
Extending the Euler diagram
Closure (cont.)Segmenting screenCreating frame of referencePosition of objects judged based on enclosing frame.
Relative SizeSmaller components tend to be perceived as objects
prefer horizontal and vertical orientations
Figure and GroundSymmetry, white space, and closed contour contribute to perception of figure.
Figures and Grounds (cont.)Rubins VaseCompeting recognition processes
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Field, Hayes and HessContour finding mechanisms
More ContoursDirect application to vector field display
Vector fieldsContours and pen strokes, 3D, shading
Vector Field VisualizationLaidlaw
EvaluationDirectionMagnitudeAdvectionGlobal patternLocal patternNodal points
AlgorithmsOptimizing trace density (poisson disk)Flexible methods for rendering (enhanced particle systems).
TransparencyContinuity is important in transparencyx < y < z or x > y > zy < z < w or y > z > w
Laciness (Cavanaugh)Layered data: be careful with composites of textures
Patterns in DiagramsPatterns applied
Visual Grammar of diagrams
Semantics of structure
Treemaps and hierarchiesTreemaps use areas (size)SP tree Graph Trees use connectivity (structure)www.smartmoney.com
Part II: Patterns in MotionHow can we use motion as a display technique?Gestalt principle of common fate
Limitation due to Frame RateCan only show motions that are limited by the Frame Rate.We can increase by using additional symbols.
Motion as a visual attribute (Common fate)correlation between points:frequency, phase or amplitudeResult: phase is most noticeable
Motion is Highly ContextualGroup moving objects in hierarchical fashion.
Frame as motion contextThe stationary Dot is perceived as moving in (a).The circle has no effect on this process in (b).
Using Causality to display causalityMichottes claim: direct perception of causality
A causal graph
Michottes Causality Perception
Visual Causal Vectors
ExperimentEvaluate VCVsSymmetry about time of contact.
ResultsPerceived effect
Motion Patterns that attract attention (Lyn Bartram)Motion is a good attention getter in peripheryThe optimal pattern may be things that emerge, as opposed to simply move.We may be able to perceive large field patterns better when they are expressed through motion (untested)
Anthropomorphic Form from motionPattern of moving dots (captured from actor body) Johansson.Attach meaning to movements (Heider and Semmel)
ConclusionGestalt Laws are useful as design guidelines.Patterns should be present in luminancePatterns should be the appropriate sizeMotion is under-researched, but evidence suggest its power.Simple motion coding can be used to express communication, causality, urgency, happiness? (Braitenberg)