3D Remote Sensing of Mines

Eija Honkavaara, Anttoni Jaakkola, Roope Näsi, Tomi Rosnell, FGIJussi Kirjasniemi, Pentti Ruokokoski, Lentokuva Vallas Oy

Timo Brander, Aalto yliopisto

3D Modeling and Virtual Worlds

*Lingli Zhu

Remote Sensing Electronics

*Yuwei Chen

Mobile Mapping &Laser Scanning

*Anttoni Jaakkola

Spectrophotogrammetry

*Eija Honkavaara

Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, Department of Remote Sensing & Photogrammetry

Research Groups

Head of department, Prof. Juha Hyyppä

What is 3D Remote sensing?• Remote data capture, without touching the object• 3D Shape:

• Terrain model (DTM), • Surface model (DSM), • Canopy height model (CHM)• Internal structure

• Spectrum• Classification of materials, identification of anomalies etc.

• Passive and active sensors

DTM

DSMCHM=DTM-DSM

Space based observations

Ground based observations

Airborne observations

Earth remote sensing technologies

UAS

Satellite

Airborne

Terrestrial

Large

Small

HighLow

Coverage

Flexibility

Remote sensing application potential

Central objectives of utilization of 3D remote sensing in mining• Improving the productivity

• Mapping the quality and amount of ore• Measuring the bulk material volume, the open pit volume

• Risk management in mine operation: Landslides, Traffic, Blasting• Monitoring of environmental impacts

• Water management: Monitoring the enrichment pool, mine water runoff forecasting, forecasting disturbances

• Monitoring the nature and biodiversity, the growth and healthy of trees

• Caves: Indoor mapping…• Improving the level of automation, Autonomous mine• Data capture -> Data processig -> Model generation -> Analysis

Future mine: Autonomous

http://www.wencomine.com

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Radar and Optical Satellites• Global monitoring of the mine and the

environment• Optical multi- and hyperspectral,

stereoscopic• VHRS: Spatial resolution 0.3-1 m• HRS: Spatial resolution 5-20 m• Sentinel 2, Landsat, free,

resolution 10-20 m• SAR

• Detecting millimeter changes using SAR interferometry time series

• Not weather dependent• Sentinel 1, 12 days, free, 10-20 m

resolution• Cosmo Sky med, 10 km x 10 km,

best resolution 1 m• TerraSarX , best resolution 1 m

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Aerial Photogrammetry and imaging• Operational since beginning

of 1900• Basis of maps• Stereoimages and

orthophotos• 3D point clouds

• 1 to 1000 points /m• Accuracy 1 cm -

• Low to high altitude imaging• Also hyperspectral imaging• Manned airborne vehicle

(MAV)

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS)

31.1.12

• 3D point clouds 0.5 to 100 points /m2;

• As an example the National Laser Scanning model with point density of 0.5 points/m2

• Terrain and canopy models• Accuracy 1 cm - on well

defined, hard surfaces• Day and night, Highly water

resistant, Not in rain or smog• Wider area measurements• In future also Multi spectral

laser scanning

UAV Photogrammetry

and imaging• Low cost technology• Accurate 3D point clouds,

color images, Repetitive measurements <daily resolution

• Also hyperspectral and thermal

• Rapidly developing technology

UAV Laser Scanning

31.1.12

• New and rapidly developing technology

• Very high density 3D point cloud data, e.g. 1000 points/m2

• Repetitive measurements <daily resolution

• Rapidly developing tehcnology

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Terrestrial & Personal Laser Scanning

• Static and mobile• Very high density 3D point cloud

data• Rapidly developing technology• Repetitive measurements

Success stories of MMEA UAV Work PacketCost efficient 3D modelling and watershed management of mining environment.

• Co-operation: Mining pilot

Identifying Insect invasions in forests using hyperspectral UAV and MAV

A new method for detecting thermal leaks of buildings

• Co-operation: Energy efficient indoor environments

1. Case study by Lentokuva Vallas OyMonitoring and Risk Management in Mining Industry using

REMOTE SENSINGImage capture – about 1000 images - 10 cm/pixel

Cessna, Nikon D3X, GPS

By Pentti Ruokokoski, Lentokuva Vallas Oy

Monitoring and Risk Management in Mining Industry using

REMOTE SENSINGIMAGE MOSAICS - 10cm/pixel

By Pentti Ruokokoski, Lentokuva Vallas Oy

By Pentti Ruokokoski, Lentokuva Vallas Oy

DSM

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Watershed analysis

Main watersheds Watersheds+

standard basins Main watersheds +main flows Flow

accumulation

By Pentti Ruokokoski, Lentokuva Vallas Oy

2. Monitoring of bark beetle infestation in forest using hyperspectral UAV imaging• Serious forest death in spruce forests due to bark beetle in

Southern Finland• Objective: Early detection of infestion using hyperspectral

images from manned and unmanned aircrafts• Feasibility of the novel Fabry-Pérot interferometer based

hyperspectral imager• Co-operation: University of Helsinki, Lentokuva Vallas,

MMEA-program

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Field reflectance reference

Data capture

Image pre-processing

Image orientation

DSM generation

Radiometric block adjustment

Individual tree detection

Spectral characteristics of trees

ClassificationMosaic generation

Forest reference plots

ALS DTM

Processing flow UAV

Näsi, R. et al. Using UAV-Based Photogrammetry and Hyperspectral Imaging for Mapping Bark Beetle Damage at Tree-Level. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 15467-15493.

3. Using UAVs for detecting thermal leaks of buildings• Thermal camera Flir Photon 320

• 324x256 pix, GSD 20 cm• Weigh < 1 kg

• RGB camera• Two flights 4.5.2013, takeoff 5:13

and 21:42 local time• Four flight lines, altitude 70 m,

Also building facades• Speed 4 m/s• Co-operation with Energy efficient

indoor environments

3D model of VTT test building in Otaniemi

Jaakkola, A., Kauppinen, T., 2014. Lämpökuvauksella tietoa rakennusten kunnosta. Positio 3/2014.

Results

Jaakkola, A., Kauppinen, T., 2014. Lämpökuvauksella tietoa rakennusten kunnosta. Positio 3/2014.

5:13 21:42 21:12

Conclusion

• New data capture technology provides new possibilities for improving productivity, safety and environmental monitoring of mines

• Affordable and repeatable monitoring• Future monitoring integrates satellites, MAVs, UAVs and terrestrial

technologies• Also indoor 3D mapping• Towards better monitoring of mining environments, autonomous

mine• Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry focuses

future remote sensing measurement and analysis technologies. • Suitable also for monitoring of open pit mines and underground

mines, as well as assessment of environmental impacts

Thank you!

Questions ?