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Kazi Khayrul Bashar
Biotechnologist
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Adaptive mechanisms of plants during water logging condition and it's application in jute
improvement
Introduction Jute cultivation in Bangladesh 80% of the total jute cultivable area is covered by Corchorus olitorius (Tossa jute) and remaining
20% area is under the cultivation of Corchorus capsularis (Deshi jute) due to the higher yield and good fiber quality in tossa jute.
Water logging problemBoth deshi and tossa jute produces Adventitious root when water logging comes. But it is rapid and
much more in deshi jute than the tossa jute.
When water logging condition removes deshi jute produces new adventitious roots from the base of the stem but tossa jute does not contain this capability or have very limited capability.
So development of water logging resistant tossa jute variety is a big challenge.
Objectives
To find out the water logging tolerant mechanisms in plants
Materials and methods
All the data are from secondary source. These data were collect from different journals, books, you tube videos, thesis and personal contact.
Results and discussion
Plant aerobic respiration
(Source: http://blog.canacad.ac.jp/bio/BiologyIBHL1/3104.html)
Main adaptive features in plants during water logging condition
Aerenchyma formation Adventitious root formation Hypertrophide lenticel formation Lignification and suberization of hypodermal cell
Anaerobic proteins can be divided into
(1) glycolytic and fermentative pathways upon which anoxic energy generation depends;
(2) enzymes implicated in pH regulation;
(3) enzymes involved in aerenchyma formation
(4) enzymes with protective functions such as scavenging for potentially damaging active oxygen species generated when anoxic roots are returned to air;
(5) proteins involved in signal sensing and transduction (e.g., the ethylene receptor ETR),
(6) others of unidentified function.
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Plant Plant anaerobicanaerobic respiration during respiration during water loggingwater logging condition conditionCHO
(C. Parent., 2008)
Short term adaptation
Long term adaptation
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Modified (C. Parent., 2008)
Lowering the PH, causing disfunctioning
of most plant enzymes
CHO
Lactic acid causes cell death !!!!!!!!!
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eC2H5OH : OH binds with cellular water, causing dyhydration of cell and
C2H5 dissolves fat, thus breaking cell membrane
C2H5OH causes precipitation of proteins for denaturation
CHO
Ethanol causes cell death !!!!!!!
Modified (C. Parent., 2008)
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 13
CHO
The most desirable 2 ATP
L-arginine + 3/2 NADPH + H+ + 2 O2
citrulline + nitric oxide + 3/2 NADP+
Modified (C. Parent., 2008)
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CHO
The most desirable 2 ATP
L-arginine + 3/2 NADPH + H+ + 2 O2
citrulline + nitric oxide + 3/2 NADP+
Modified (C. Parent., 2008)
(Dordas et al., 2003)
Low O2
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 15
Aerenchyma formation through NO production
NO (Nitric oxide)
+
O2- (Super oxide)
ONOO-(peroxinitrite)
H2O21. Lipid peroxidation2. Protein oxidation3. Protein nitration4. Inactivation of enzymesFinally DNA breakdown
Exchange of oxygen from shoot to root
Source: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mgoss/five/78157.jpg
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Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in wheat plant
Source: M. E. Haque, 2010
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 17
Recovery from cell death
(Nitric oxide) NO
cGMP
Signal transduction
Cell survivalSource: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/signaltrans/sigtrans.gif
It phosphorylates a number of biologically important targets and is implicated in the regulation of cell division and nucleic acid synthesis.
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 18
Comparison among lactic acid, ethanol and nitric oxide (NO) as signaling molecule
Lactic acid and ethanol are not signaling molecule. So there increased amount can cause only the death of plant cell.
But Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that can minimize its harmful effect through signal transduction mechanismsignal transduction mechanism..
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Ethylene synthesis during water logging condition
Source: K. J. Bradford, 2008
Protein synthesis
ethylene
What function does
Activated only in the hypoxia
Activated by IAA
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Ethylene response in plant cell
Activates Ca signal, G protein signal transduction, DNA break down and protein oxidation
Cellulase, pectinase and xyloglucanase
Source: Modified T. Yamauchi, 2011
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Source: Lin, et. al., 2009
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 22Source: Q. Ma. 2012
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Ethylene
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Source: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/images/receptor-activation-plc.png
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 26
Ca functioning inside plant cellCa functioning inside plant cell
Activation of Protein Kinase C (activates MAP kinases which dysfunctions different repressors)
Facilitates Na uptake K and Cl efflux channel Activates cellulase enzyme
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 27
Adventitious root (AR) developmentAdventitious root (AR) development
2nd adaptive feature against water logging condition
Generally not formed if main root system is fully functional through aerenchyma formation
Auxin is responsible Ethylene activates auxin synthesis pathway Similar to the lateral root formation but in water
logged condition from plant stem Developed for the replacement of main root system
(for their poor/non functioning capability)
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 28
Auxin activation through ethyleneAuxin activation through ethylene
Source: Abbas et. al., 2013
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Auxin transport inside plant cellAuxin transport inside plant cell
Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/www.cell.com
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 30
Cell expansion due to acidification of periplasm/apoplast
Source: http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch39/39_08AuxinResponse.jpg
Source: modified http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/images/471042a-i1.0.jpg
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Auxin signaling for Auxin signaling for Adventitious Root Formation Adventitious Root Formation
Sourcu:Vanneste et. al., 2013
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Cellular response due to auxin signal
Source: Krecek et. al., 2009
PIN protein:Type1 and Type2
PIN protein is active when it is phosphorylated by the enzyme Protein Kinase
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 33
Cladogram of PIN proteins
Species abbreviations:At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Alyr, Arabidopsis lyrata;Bradi,Brachypodium distachyon; Cpap, Carica papaya; Glyma, Glycine maxima; Mtru,Medicago truncatula; Osat, Oryza sativa; Ppat, Physcomitrella patens; Ptri, Populus trichocarpa; Smoel, Selaginella moellendorffii; Sb,Sorghum bicolor; Vvin, Vitis vinifera; Zm, Zea mays.
Source: http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/imgs/512/327/2812941/2812941_gb-2009-10-12-249-3.png
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 34Source: http://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/18684/fpls-03-00037-HTML/image_m/fpls-03-00037-g002.jpg
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 35
Auxin activated TF
Repressor
TIR1
auxin
Auxin activated TF(Transcription Factor)
Repressor Inhibitory Aux/IAA protein (Repressor)
Auxin activated TF(Transcriptio Factor)
Transport inhibitor response 1(TIR1)
Auxin
Lacking of Auxin
Presence of Auxin
Auxin dependent promoter Auxin regulated gene
Auxin activated TF
Repressor
TIR1
auxin
Lacking of Auxin
Cellular response due to auxin signal
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 36
Auxin activated TF
Repressor
TIR1
auxin
Auxin activated TF(Transcription Factor)
Repressor Inhibitory Aux/IAA protein (Repressor)
Auxin activated TF(Transcriptio Factor)
Transport inhibitor response 1(TIR1)
Auxin
Lacking of Auxin
Presence of Auxin
Auxin dependent promoter Auxin regulated gene
Auxin activated TF
Repressor
TIR1
auxin
Presence of Auxin
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 37
Source: http://www.ru.nl/publish/pages/567431/thesis1.gif
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 38
Origin of adventitious root
Source:http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/451719/pericycle
pericyclic region undergo transformation and organize into root primordia, which later grow through the cortex and emerge out of the stem.
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 39
adventitious root development
Source: http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 40
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Hypertrophide lenticel
Source: https://californiaavocadocomments.wordpress.com/2014/04/26/avocado-plants-respond-to-flooding-through-lenticel-hpertrophy/
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 42
Suberization of hypodermel rice root cell
Source: K. Watanabe. et. al., 2013
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 43
Search for water logging tolerant genes in different crops
SL NO. Plant No.of genes/contig/protein
1 plant 25 protein
2 Wheat 12 genes
3 Maize 21 contig
4 Cotton 37 genes
5 Brassica LDH
6 Sugercane SDS
7 Tomato ADH, LDH, AlAT, GAD and NR
8 Soybean 25 protein
9 Cucumber 39 genes
10 Petunias Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vhb)
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 44
Blast result
Corchorus capsularis Corchorus olitorius
No hit hit No hit hit
Default 88 35 92 31
1e-30 93 30 96 27
1e-50 94 29 96 27
Sl no. Plant species Specific enzyme/ protein found in C. Olitorius genome
1 cotton 19
2 Soybean 01
3 wheat 02
4 cucumber 05
1.Glycolysis2. Expansin
3. PIN protein4. ACS5. ETR
6. ARF(1)
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 45
Conclusion
Fermentation pathway is used by plants for short term water logging adaptation
Adventitious root development is the main long term adaptive pathway
Auxin regulates the adventitious root elongation PIN protein is involved for lateral movement of
adventitious root.
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 46
RecommendationsRecommendations
Cross incompatibility between C. capsularies and C. olitorius should be eradicated through effective steps.
Auxin transport through PIN protein should be emphasized to study adventitious root development and elongation.
mRNA from cortex and pericycle may be studied to know the genes involved in aerenchyma and adventitious root formation respectively.
04/18/23 BARJ, BJRI 47