Akashdeep Singh Jandu

Environmental Problems

Theory of Environmental

Policy

Environmental Policy in India

Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries in

Terms

Population Growth and Poverty

Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental Degradation

On Developed Countries

Because of

Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns

Externality Problem

Market Based (Ex-ante) Instruments

Emission Charges or Taxes

Deposit-refund Systems

Marketable or Tradable Emission Permits

Output Taxes; and

Performance Bonds and No-compliance Fees

Reducing Government Subsidies

Command and Control Regulation: Standards

Criteria for choosing among environmental Policy

Instruments

Environmental Effectiveness

Static Efficiency

Dynamic incentives

Flexibility

Monitoring and Enforcement

Equity; and

Acceptability

Bargaining Solutions: Coase theorem

Liability (Ex-post)

Information Programmes

Introduction

UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972

The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988)

The Constitution of India (42nd Amendment, 1976)

The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987) Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984

The Environmental Protection Act of 1986

The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986

The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991

The UN Conference on Environment and Development

(Earth Summit), 1992 (Rio)

Agenda 21

Precautionary Principle (15)

Polluter Pays Principle (16)

The Earth Summit, 2002