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4/23/2014WELCOMETOSeminar

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REMOTE SENSING & GIS APPLICATIONS INWATERSHED MANAGEMENT

BY SRIRAM C II sem M.Tech Geoinformatics5WD13CGI18 VTU RC KSRSAC

WATERSHED

- is a natural hydrological unit- Topographically delineated area drained by a stream system, from which runoff resulting from precipitation flow past from a point into single stream.- Development is not confined just to agriculture lands but covers entire catchment's area.- Watershed approach is holistic, linking upstream anddownstream areas.-Practical approach in planning, directed at preservation,conservation, development, management and exploitation ofnatural resources for the benefit of people.4/23/2014

A TYPICAL WATERSHED4/23/2014

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Watershed Management

This is the PROCESS of GUIDING & ORGANISING,Land and Other Resource Usage in a WatershedEnsuring the Sustenance of the Environment(Mainly the Soil and Water Resources)i.e., need to recognize the interrelationships between,LAND USE, SOIL-WATER, and SLOPE OF TERAIN

Unifying Focus in watershed management is in how varioushuman activities affect the relationship between water andother natural resources

Provides a basis for actions concerning the development andConservation4/23/2014

Watershed Management ConcernsPREVENTING deterioration of existingrelationships between the use of naturalresources within a watershedRESTORING sustainable relationships whichhad been destroyed due to actions in the pastTHERE BY ENSURE THE BEST USE OFRESOURCES IN A WATERSHED

Watershed Management StrategiesPREVENTION STRATERGIES- Those Aimed at Preserving Suitable Existing Land UsePracticesRESTORATIVE STRATEGIES- Those Targeting to Overcome Identified Problems orto restore conditions to a Desirable level bothEnvironmentally and Politically4/23/2014

Watershed Development Approach

- Integrated and multi-disciplinary approach.- To suggest possible exploitation of resources within the limits of tolerance.Approach is Preventive, Progressive, Corrective & Curative.

Objectives - Conservation of Soil and Water Improved ability of land to hold water Maintaining adequate vegetative cover for controlling soilerosion Rain water harvesting and ground water recharging.

Benefits - Promotes economic and social development of community Employment generation and other income generation Ecological balance4/23/2014

ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING

Useful for generating environmental indicators that can beintegrated with collateral data and social indicators.- Synoptic view, Multi-resolution, multi-spectral, repetitiveoffers appropriate method for quick, unbiased mapping andmonitoring of natural resources both in space and timedomain.- Timely and accurate information on spatial distribution land use, soil, vegetation density, forest, geology, waterresources etc.- RS data in conjunction with collateral data helps indelineation of ridge line, characterization, prioritization,erosion prone areas, etc.4/23/2014

BASE MAP

SLOPE

LANDUSEGEOLOGY & STRUCTURALFEATURESGEOMORPHOLOGICALMAP

HYDROLOGICALMAP

Water Harvesting Sites MapGIS CONCEPT4/23/2014

The crop yield has increased by in dryland farmingThe soil loss due toerosionwas brought downLarge extents ofbarrenhill slopes were covered by vegetation.Largetractsof marginal lands brought under dry land HorticultureDevelopment of Agro-Horti and Agro-Forestry systems.Water resourceswere harvested through nala bunds, farm ponds, gully embankmentsRegeneration of grass lands for more fodder and grass.Theincomeof farmers increased considerably.

Benefits derived from WatershedMethodology4/23/2014

Human resourcedevelopment (community development),Soil andland management,Water management,Afforestation,Pasture/fodder development,Livestockmanagement, ruralenergy managementandFarm and non farm value addition activities;

The watershed development approach, as implemented in Karnataka, consists of following components4/23/2014

Electromagnetic Spectrum Band WavelengthSpectral Location Nominal Principal Application(micro m)

0.45 - 0.52 Blue Coastal water mapping, soil / vegetation,

0.52 - 0.62 Green Vegetation discrimination,

0.62- 0.69 Red Chlorophyll absorption region,

0.76 - 0.90 Near IR Vegetation, water body, soil moisture

1.55 - 2.35 Mid IR Moisture content, Snow &Cloud, Mineral & rock discrimination, vegetation moisture content

8- 14 Thermal IR Vegetation, Soil moisture discrimination 1 cm 1m Microwave Soil moisture4/23/2014

DATA REQUIREMENT Satellite Imagery for updation. (PAN+LISS III)Survey of India toposheets in 1 : 250,000 scale1 : 50,000 scale Water bodies Drainage Network Contours

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Steps involved in watershed development

Generation of drainage map Delineation of watersheds

Characterization of watersheds on a smaller scale

Prioritization of watersheds/selection

Characterization of watersheds on a larger scale

Preparation of action plan

Implementation

Monitoring of developmental activities

Impact assessment

Post treatment management

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ClassWater Resource RegionBasinCatchmentSub-catchmentWatershedNos.6351125003237Average Size550,00,000 ha.(55,00,000 Sq.Kms.)95,00,000 ha.(95,000 Sq.Kms.)30,00,000 ha.(30,000 Sq.Kms.)7,00,000 ha.(7,000 Sq.Kms.)1,00,000 ha(1,000 Sq.Kms.)

Region BasinCatchmentsSubcatchmentsWatersheds261548234

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WATERSHED CODIFICATIONAlpha-Numeric symbolic codes consisting alternative Arabic numbers and English alphabet letters are used to designate different stages of delineation.In the eighth stage of delineation small letter English alphabet has been used by KSRSAC to indicate the least area of the watershed.WRRs are assigned Arabic number 1,2,3,..Basins are assigned alphabet capital letters A,B,C,..Catchments are assigned Arabic numbers 1,2,3,..Sub-catchments are assigned alphabet capitol letters A,B,C,..Watersheds are assigned Arabic number 1,2,3,..Sub-watersheds are assigned alphabet capital letters A,B,C,..Mini-watersheds are assigned Arabic number 1,2,3,..Micro-watersheds are assigned alphabet small letters a,b,c,. Example,Sub-watershed will have the code 4D3D6AMini-watershed will have the code 4D3D6A1Micro-watershed will have the code 4D3D6A1a

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4 B 3 B 7 C 5 d

Micro- WatershedMini-WatershedSub-WatershedWatershedSub-CatchmentCatchmentBasinRegion

4 B 3 B 7 C 5 d

Example :

KSRSAC

AIS&LUS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDSAll characteristics affect the disposal of water.SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off.SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, eg. pear, elongated etc.PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition.SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement: CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach.DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior. 4/23/2014

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHEDS

VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and crops.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery

HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. It helps in quantification of water available.

HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater.

SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in managing water.4/23/2014

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What is prioritization?Prioritization is a process of identifying areas of main concern based on single or many parameters

Selection of one or few watersheds out of many watersheds by using predefined set of criteria4/23/2014

InputsWeightageSourceSilt Yield Index/Soil Erosion Status20AIS and LUS / KSRSACSC/ST Population20Census of India,2001Irrigated area10KSRSAC (Satellite Data,2000-2001)Wastelands20KSRSAC (Satellite Data,2000-2001)Rainfall10100 years average, Preliminary Data from DES & analyzed at KSRSAC Agricultural Labourers10Census of India,2001

Forest Cover10KSRSAC (Satellite Data,2000-2001)

Criteria selected and Data source used for watershed prioritisation4/23/2014

Prioritization results of Gadag Taluk, Gadag District CodesNamesSubwatershed Area in HectaresMarks ObtainedPRIORITYRainfallSC/STAg. LabourersWastelandForest CoverIrrg. AreaSYITotal4D4A2ODindur3057.260.0020.005.9420.000.0010.0010.0065.9414D7C6JMadhalli3236.630.0013.6610.003.7910.0010.0010.0057.4624D4A1PTimmapura4925.456.525.174.290.0010.0010.0020.0055.9834D4A3IShirhatti4644.100.006.937.169.017.7710.0010.0050.8744D7C6FKolivad3147.730.009.407.841.8710.0010.0010.0049.1154D7C6GNilgund6378.270.006.936.205.5510.0010.0010.0048.6964D7C4OBelahoda3648.443.954.906.601.3810.0010.0010.0046.8374D4A2RAlur3171.486.523.645.090.0010.005.9415.0046.1884D7C3XNagaral4403.380.926.055.730.0010.0010.0010.0042.7094D7C4SSaidapur5690.201.376.098.241.1710.005.4610.0042.33104D7C4MVenkatapur4862.963.954.772.680.3810.0010.0010.0041.78114D7C4RKondihalla4337.083.955.627.660.0010.003.7510.0040.98124D7C4EGuddehalla4044.272.274.794.230.0010.007.7110.0039.00134D7C3YKanginhal7035.794.934.893.970.0010.003.4110.0037.20144D7C3WGadag6581.624.933.950.880.6810.006.5310.0036.97154D7C4NKaradihalla4910.414.933.740.760.009.437.4510.0036.30164D7C3UKadadi6892.740.924.020.910.0010.0010.0010.0035.85174D7C3ZSambapura6824.100.576.253.430.929.493.5910.0034.23184D4A2QRamenahalli5297.637.042.653.990.008.720.0010.0032.40194D7C4PAsundi3471.750.577.225.070.008.650.7810.0032.2920

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MONITORING THE WATERSHEDThe following parameters have been considered for monitoring and evaluation purpose which could be derived from satellite data:

Cropped AreaChanges in areal extent of agricultural cropsPlantationsIncrease in horticultural and forest plantationsWastelandsChange in areal extentAlternate UseSwitch over of agricultural land WaterbodyChange in number and areal extentBiomassOverall changes in biomass/ canopy cover/ productivity

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POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE TAKING UP IMPACT STUDIESSATELLITE IMAGES SHOULD BE OBTAINED ONLY AFTER CONSIDERABLE TIME AFTER IMPLEMENTATION( 6-10 YEARS)

2. CONDITIONS SHOULD BE SIMILAR FOR PRE AND POST TREATMENT RAINFALL- QUANTUM,DISTRIBUTION, ETC SOWING SEASON- EARLY/DELAY

3. AVAILABILTY OF SATELLITE DATA FOR REQUIRED DATES

RESOLUTION OF SATELLITE DATA-

SHOULD BE SAME FOR PRE AND POST

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Address the overall impact on Natural Resources & Socio -Economic aspects

APPROACHWith & Without

Before (Baseline) During (Midterm) End of the ProjectPost Project

Household level Short term Impact Community / Village Long term Micro / Sub Watershed

Before & After

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Indicators for Impact AssessmentNatural ResourcesSurface RunoffWater Resource DevelopmentGround Water level/YieldChange in Irrigated AreaCrop DiversityCrop YieldCrop intensityFodder AvailabilityAfforestationClimate Change & BiodiversityLand Use Change

Socio EconomicSustainability of Structures /CBOs/IGAMicro EnterprisesEmployment OpportunityMigration StatusEconomic potential of Household IncomeBPL FamilyAnimal HusbandryImpact on Milk yield4/23/2014

Pre Treatment (1997) ImagePost Treatment (2004)ImageComparison of Satellite Images for Koralhalli Halla Sub watershed4/23/2014

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The interrelated nature of land and water resources calls for a holistic approach towards watershed management.

Because of the ability to obtain synoptic view and repetitive coverage, remote sensing lends itself as a powerful input media.

Unbiased reproduction of the natural features in the form of photograph /imagery and thereby economising the multi disciplinary approach for planning of natural resources in a watershed for integrated development.

Technologies like GIS lend a helping hand in organisation of these huge databases in a structured format.

GIS integrate multi-thematic information ,analyse the information in an objective manner.

GIS help arrive at timely and appropriate decisions related to resource management.

CONCLUSION4/23/2014

KARNATAKA WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT BOARD

FUNDAMENTALS OF REMOTE SENSING:GEORGE JOSEPH

CENTRAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT BOARD

ALL INDIA SOIL AND LAND USE SURVEY

KSRSAC

REFERENCES4/23/2014

Thanks

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