Assessment of Faecal Pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach Mombasa

Dr. Bernerd FulandaDr. Joseph KamauMs. Chepkemboi Labatt

Assessment of Faecal Pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public

Beach, Mombasa

By: Kodia Maxwell AzaliI114/0614/2010

Supervisors:

Introduction

Sewage pollution is a major problem in many

urban settlements all over the world

65% of coast province has no access to a

sewerage system

Less than 30% of Mombasa county residents

have access to sewerage services

The county is serviced with two sewage

treatment plants,

The Kipevu plant has been recently

rehabilitated while the Kizingo plant collapsed

20 years ago.

Introduction cont…

Faecal Enterococci and Escherichia coli (E.

coli) have been used as an index of faecal

pollution in recreational waters.

Most Enterococci and E. coli species are not

pathogenic but are important indicators of

faecal pollution and possible presence of

enteric pathogens.

Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach located at

Bamburi is one of the biggest open access

recreational areas along the coastal stretches

of Mombasa county

Introduction cont…

The beach hosts many tourists both local and

international. The coastline is dotted with over

70 tourist hotels

Raw sewage is discharged into the ocean by

some of the establishments.

Sewage pollution poses a major health risk to

tourists and resource users frequenting the

beach and contaminates marine life.

Objective

To investigate the extent of faecal pollution at

Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach in Mombasa

county.

Specific Objectives

1. To investigate the degree of faecal pollution

at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach

2. To investigate the variation in faecal

pollution levels at high tide and at low tide.

3. To explore the status of water quality at Jomo

Kenyatta Public Beach in reference to its

potential for recreational use.

Description of Study Site

Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach is located in

Bamburi area, Mombasa county.

Attracts resident resource users, local tourists

and international tourist and is an important

source of livelihood to the residents.

Development and unregulated beach

activities have increased pollution on the

beach and the ocean

Description of Study Site cont…

Figure 1: Map of JKPB, Bamburi, Kenya. (Source: World Atlas (1996) and Google Satellite (2014))

Survey Design

Samples were collected during the month of

March

Three sampling stations along the beach namely;

Pirates Beach Hotel, Hotel Sai Rock and White

Sands Hotel

At each station, samples were collected from the

shore areas and reef areas at both high and low

tide

Duplicate samples were collected per station per

tidal regime at a depth of 15-30 centimeters.

Materials and Methods Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and E. coli were

enumerated using the Multiple tube fermentation

technique.

Sampling bottles sterilized by autoclaving at 1210C for

15 minutes

Placed in a cooler box filled with ice

Cap removed without touching inner side

Samples collected with sweeping motion against current

from the bow of a boat

Areas in front of the sampler seaward on an incoming

wave

Materials and Methods Samples were labelled according to the station and

tide

Placed in the cooler box and transported to the

laboratory for analysis within 4 hours.

MacConkey media and peptone water were prepared

according to set guidelines: 15g/1000ml for Peptone water

40g/1000ml for single strength MacConkey

80g/1000ml for double strength MacConkey

A dilution series of three rows of five culture bottles per

sample was used. (inverted Durham tubes)

Materials and Methods 10ml double strength- first row; 20ml single strength

MacConkey 2&3rd row; 9ml peptone water

Sterilized (1210C, 15lbs pressure) for 15 minutes

The media was left to cool to room temperature before

inoculation.

10ml- first row; 1ml-second row; 0.1ml-third row

1ml of sample to 9ml peptone then inoculate 1ml of

mixture

Culture bottles gently tilted to remove air space in Durham

tubes

Incubated at 350C for 24 hours.

Materials and Methods Checked for growth and gas formation

Number of positive tubes recorded and MPN values

calculated (presumptive test- total coliforms)

Positive tubes sub-cultured in MacConkey and Tryptone

water

1ml of positive sample inoculated to 20ml single strength

MacConkey; 1ml inoculated to 10ml Tryptone Water

Incubated at 44.50C

Positive MacConkey- faecal coliforms; Tryptone cultures-

1ml Kovacs reagent, distinct red ring (E. coli)- MPN values

Source: Azali M

ResultsBetween Station Variation

B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i i n d i ffe re n t sta ti o n s

T o ta l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 1 .3 5 0 0 , p = 0 .5 0 9 2 Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 0 .4 4 0 3 , p = 0 .8 0 2 4

E . Co l i : K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 0 .4 4 6 9 , p = 0 .7 9 9 7

T o ta l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s E . Co l i O u tl i e rs E xtre m e s

P i ra te s S a i Ro ck Wh i te S a n d s

S ta ti o n

-0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

Lo

g 10(T

ota

l co

lifo

rms,

Fa

eca

l co

lifo

rms,

E.

co

li

/10

0m

l)

ResultsShore and Reef Areas Variation

B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i a t sh o re a n d re e f a re a s

T o ta l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 3 9 .1 2 0 9 , p = 0 .0 0 0 0 Fa e ca l Co l i fo rm s: K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 3 8 .3 7 0 2 , p = 0 .0 0 0 0

E . Co l i : K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 1 9 .2 0 8 5 , p = 0 .0 0 0 0 1

Lo

g 10(T

ota

l co

lifo

rms,

Fa

eca

l co

lifo

rms,

E.

co

li/10

0m

l)


S h o re Re e f

L o ca ti o n

-0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

ResultsHigh Tide and Low Tide Variation

B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i a t h i g h a n d l o w ti d e


E . Co l i : K W-H(1 ,6 0 ) = 0 .0 9 0 3 , p = 0 .7 6 3 8


Hig h T i d e L o w T id e

T id e

-0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

Lo

g 10(T

ota

l co

lifo

rms,

Fa

eca

l co

lifo

rms,

E.

co

li

/10

0m

l)

ResultsSampling Days Variation

B o x p l o t sh o win g T o ta l co l i fo rm s, Fa e ca l co l i fo rm s & E . co l i a t d i ffe re n t d a te s


E . Co l i : K W-H(2 ,6 0 ) = 0 .1 8 5 1 , p = 0 .9 1 1 6


7 /0 3 /2 0 1 4 2 1 /0 3 /2 0 1 4 2 7 /0 3 /2 0 1 4

Da te

-0 .5

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

3 .0

3 .5

Lo

g 10(T

ota

l co

lifo

rms,

Fa

eca

l co

lifo

rms,

E.

co

li

/10

0m

l)

DISCUSSION Contaminated by faeces (40.88 faecal

coliforms/100ml, 0.88 E. coli/100ml) Untreated effluents discharged from facilities (Pa

Pweza 900 total coliforms, 500 faecal coliforms and 3 E. coli)

Defaecation by swimmers and boat operators Presence of animals- camels and horses (Kleinheinz et al., 2006) found no significant variation

in indicator density between horizontal (along-shore) samples- circulation dynamics

(Clarke et al., 2007) conveyance of substances in the ocean occurred via along-shore advection accompanied by dispersion and mixing processes related to rip currents

DISCUSSION Tidal influence on microbial indicator densities

is most pronounced during spring tides (Cheung et al., 1991).

Water samples from the beach were collected during neap tides -tides and sampling days.

Shore Vs Reef areas- the ocean has the capacity to dilute pollutants; shore areas are easily accessible

Conclusion . Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach water quality

has deteriorated due to ongoing beach activities

The waters surpass national water quality standards hence the beach is unfit for recreational use.

RECOMMENDATIONS Public awareness campaigns Premises to comply with the effluent

discharge standards spelt out in the third schedule – Water Quality 2006 Adherence to the monitoring guide of effluents

discharge into the environment spelt out in the fourth schedule

Develop proper animal and human waste disposal mechanisms

Regularly monitor water quality parameters

Environment

Assessment of Faecal Pollution at Jomo Kenyatta Public Beach Mombasa