CNG CONSUMPTION & EMISSION IN SATELITTE TOWN, RAWALPINDI

CNG CONSUMPTION IN SATELITTE TOWN, RAWALPINDI

By

MUHAMMAD MUBBIN

Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesBahria University, Islamabad

2011

1

Introduction

Natural gas production is at a relatively high level and remaining reserves are estimated

to be about 885.3 billion cu m (2009). Pakistan's gas fields are only expected to last for

about another 20 years at the most due to heavy industrial usage.

The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near Sui in

Balochistan. The gas field was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial

exploitation of the field began in 1955. Sui gas field accounts for 26% of Pakistan's gas

production. Remaining reserves are estimated to be at about 800 billion cubic feet (tcf)

and the daily production is around 660 million cubic feet (19,000,000 m3) of natural. The

operator of the field is Pakistan Petroleum Limited.

What is Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)?

CNG is natural gas that has been compressed into a high-pressure container for

transportation or storage. Since the 1960s, CNG has become a vehicle fuel alternative to

oil-based gasoline and diesel fuel.

CNG Services

The start of CNG as fuel for motor vehicles was started in 1940. Use of CNG slowly

spread worldwide as a substitute fuel and continued to be adopted by the users at an

encouraging pace. In Pakistan, despite plenty of available reservoirs of natural gas, CNG

was first introduced by Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan in 1982. Due to

lack of resources and scarcity of CNG stations, the adaptation of CNG as a substitute for

fossil fuel was very slow in Pakistan. Recently 2600 CNG stations are working in

Pakistan.

Despite government’s announcing of several incentives for the field, no one from the

private sector was prepared to enter the filed. However, in 1993, WGC stepped forward

and took the credit of launching the first CNG project in the private sector under the

2

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Petroleum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_(Balochistan)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_field

name & style of Kandaan Associates (Pvt) Ltd. Kandaan Associates (Pvt) Ltd began the

task of importing CNG kits for petrol vehicles and started to install them on the local

automobiles.

OGRA

Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) has been set up under the Oil and Gas

Regulatory Authority Ordinance dated 28th March 2002 to foster competition, increase

private investment and ownership in the midstream and downstream petroleum industry,

protect the public interest while respecting individual rights and provide effective and

efficient regulations. As laid down in the Ordinance, the Authority comprises one

Chairman and three members. To create a working environment where the interests of all

stakeholders namely the Consumer, Investor & the Government is protected through

Independent & Fair Regulatory practices.

Consequent upon the establishment of OGRA on 28th March, 2002 the Natural Gas

Regulatory Authority (NGRA) was subsumed by the OGRA. All properties and works

done by the NGRA were transferred to and protected under the OGRA Ordinance.

OGRA was, therefore, in a position to start its functions in respect to natural gas

immediately upon its establishment.

List of Imported Approved Equipments

To ensure safety of consumers OGRA ensues that only those equipments are used at

CNG stations and in automobiles, which conform to international quality standards.

Approval of these equipments by HDIP is mandatory before selling in Pakistan market.

Operational CNG Stations in Pakistan

3

CNG development in Pakistan started in mid eighties when HDIP set up two CNG

refueling stations in Karachi and Islamabad. Due to excellent production and distribution

of Natural Gas in Pakistan.

CNG being an alternative fuel and well proven with passage of time has increased its

consumers in Pakistan; almost 900,000 vehicles in last 3 years have converted to CNG;

and these days near around 150,000 vehicles are converting to CNG in a year that makes

Pakistan to be the 3rd largest user of CNG vehicles in the World after Argentina and

Brazil.

CNG refueling stations of Pakistan are equipped with state of the art automatic controls

and systems. High Pressure Compressors installed are of various design types like L-type,

W-type, V-type, and D-type. These Compressors are usually imported from America,

India, New Zealand and China.

Government is taking major steps to promote CNG by exempting all taxes and duties for

the machinery and equipment used for CNG refueling and conversion.

Important Regulations

New policy for issuance of NOC for installations of CNG stations The Federal

Government has recently introduced the following policy regarding issuance of NOCs for

installation of CNG stations:

For installation of a CNG station at existing petrol pumps, there is no need of any

additional NOC except from the Department of Explosives and Third Party certification

from HDIP including a reputable Private Sector Company of high standards.

For installation of a stand-alone CNG station at raw sites/new locations, NOCs only from

the following authorities be obtained: Gas utility Company, Department of Explosives,

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Civil Defense, Tensile Municipal Officer, and Third Party certification from HDIP

including a reputable Private Sector Company of high standards.

All authorities concerned must decide for issuance of NOC(s) or otherwise within one

month of the receipt of request.

Setting Up of CNG Station

No person can set up CNG station without first obtaining license from the Authority i.e.

Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority Islamabad under Rule 6 of CNG (Production &

Marketing) Rules, 1992. Initially OGRA issues provisional license for a period of 2 years

for setting up CNG station. After obtaining provisional license from the authority, the

licensee is supposed to start construction of the station and also obtain NOCs from the

local authorities and a license from DEPARTMENT OF EXPLOSIVES on form B.

CNG Marketing License

After completion of CNG station, the authority under Rule 7 of CNG Rules 1992, issues

fifteen year Marketing License subject to submission of following documents:

a. Valid explosive license on form B.

b. Satisfactory report of 3rd party inspector regarding construction of CNG works by

the party in accordance with the CNG Rules.

Types of Machinery Equipment Allowed For CNG

5

Only approved CNG equipment/ machinery can be imported and installed at CNG

stations under CBRs SRO No. 373(I)/2002 dated 15-6-2002, as amended from time to

time.

CNG Rules 1992

Government has promulgated CNG Rules 1992 for regulation of all CNG activities. The

rules provide for the procedure for setting up CNG stations and safety code for practice

etc. CNG RULES 1992.Safety is the primary concern of OGRA and HDIP when

regulating the working of CNG usage in Pakistan.

CNG Consumption in Satellite Town Rawalpindi

We started our projected in the name of Allah, the most beneficent the most

compassionate.

In this regard, unique Enterprises and CNG station was our first destination.

We visited unique CNG on 15-10-2010, 15-11-2010 and 15-12-2010 respectively.

Unique CNG is located in D-Block SatelliteTown Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 80

Marla’s. The CNG has been constructed beautifully and keeping in view the order and

prescription of ‘OGRA’. 40 employees have been working in different areas.

The CNG has a huge consumption of 2500 KG/day, 65000 KG/month respectively.

Unique enterprises are a petrol and diesel pump as well with a considerable consumption

of both. Daily consumption of Petrol is 3500 liter/day and diesel 2000 liter/day

respectively, where as 91000 liter/month and 52000/month respectively.

During our three different visits the prices were in all CNG Station Rs. 57.03(CNG) ,Rs

68.14(petrol), and Rs 74.06 (Diesel).the prices were same on our 1st and 2nd visit but

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different on our 3rd visit prices were Rs. 57.03(CNG), Rs 73.14(Petrol),Rs 78.56

(Diesel).No discount was being offered by all CNG’s.

Regarding load shedding we were told that Saturday remains off due to gas load

shedding.

Unique CNG (Ph # 051-4853238)

Observation Date Consumption in KG Consumption in Ton Consumption in G.J

15-10-2010 2500 2.5 10515-11-2010 65000 65 273015-12-2010 65000 65 2730

Total 1325000 1325 5565

TOTAL CNG (Ph # 051 4841465)

Total CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 30

Marla’s and13 employees have been working.


15-10-2010 1250 1.25 52.515-11-2010 32500 32.5 136515-12-2010 32500 32.5 1365

Total 66250 66.25 2783

S. Town Station (Ph # 051-4843288)

S. Town CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and 50 employees have been working in different areas.


15-10-2010 1500 1.5 6315-11-2010 39000 39 163815-12-2010 39000 39 1638

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Total 79500 79.5 3339

PSO Station & CNG (Ph# 051-4452935)

PSO Station & CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area

of 40 Marla’s. The CNG has been constructed beautifully and keeping in view the order

and prescription of ‘OGRA’ 17 employees have been working in different areas.


15-10-2010 1300 1.3 54.615-11-2010 33800 33.8 142015-12-2010 33800 33.8 1420

Total 68900 68.9 2894

GASCO Services (Ph # 051-4411841)

GASCO CNG is located in E-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 35

Marla’s and 8 employees have been working.


15-10-2010 1700 1.7 71.415-11-2010 44200 44.2 185615-12-2010 44200 44.2 1856

Total 85700 85.7 3599Amina CNG (Ph # 051-4410120)

Amina CNG is located in E-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 40



15-10-2010 2000 2 8415-11-2010 52000 52 218415-12-2010 52000 52 2184

8

Total 106000 106 4452

Madina Enterprises (Ph # 051-4425606)

Madina CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20



15-10-2010 950 0.95 4015-11-2010 24700 24.7 103715-12-2010 24700 24.7 1037

Total 50350 50.35 2115

Anique CNG (Ph # 051-4419220)

Anique CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20



15-10-2010 1000 1 4215-11-2010 26000 26 109215-12-2010 26000 26 1092

Total 53000 53 2226

Kandaan CNG (Ph # 051-4412801)

Kandaan CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 30


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15-10-2010 700 0.7 2915-11-2010 18200 18.2 76415-12-2010 18200 18.2 764

Total 37100 37.1 1558

Satellite Gas (Ph # 051-4456518)

Satellite CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20



15-10-2010 1500 1.5 6315-11-2010 39000 39 163815-12-2010 39000 39 1638

Total 79500 79.5 3339

Gondal CNG (Ph # 051-4848015)

Gondal CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and 10 employees have been working in Gondal CNG.


15-10-2010 1100 1.1 4615-11-2010 28600 28.6 120115-12-2010 28600 28.6 1201

Total 58300 58.3 2449

Auto Fuel Station (Ph # 051-4419936)

Auto CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and 6 employees have been working in Auto Fuel Station.

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15-10-2010 850 0.85 3615-11-2010 22100 22.1 92815-12-2010 22100 22.1 928

Total 45050 45.5 1892

Malang CNG (Ph # 051-4846762)

Malang CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and 8 employees have been working in Malang CNG.


15-10-2010 800 0.8 33.615-11-2010 20800 20.8 87415-12-2010 20800 20.8 874

Total 42400 42.4 1781

AHMED CNG (Ph # 051-4428912)

Ahmed CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and 5 employees have been working in Ahmed CNG.


15-10-2010 1700 1.7 71.415-11-2010 44200 44.2 185615-12-2010 44200 44.2 1856

Total 90100 90.1 3784

Kandaan CNG (Ph # 051-4455118)

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Kandaan CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 40

Marla’s and 18 employees have been working in Kandaan CNG.


15-10-2010 1200 1.2 5015-11-2010 31200 31.2 131015-12-2010 31200 31.2 1310

Total 63600 63.6 2671

Rawal CNG (Ph # 051-4841918)

Rawal CNG is located in D-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 10

Marla’s and 8 employees have been working in Rawal CNG.


15-10-2010 1050 1.05 4415-11-2010 27300 73.3 114715-12-2010 27300 73.3 1147

Total 55650 55.65 2337

Kandaan CNG

Kandaan CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 15

Marla’s and 11 employees have been working in Kandaan CNG.


15-10-2010 2600 2.6 10915-11-2010 67600 67.6 283915-12-2010 67600 67.6 2839

Total 137800 137.8 5788

National CNG 1 (Ph # 051-4843515)

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National CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and 11 employees have been working in National CNG.


15-10-2010 1000 1 4215-11-2010 26000 26 109215-12-2010 26000 26 1092

Total 53000 53 2226

National CNG 2 (Ph # 051-4843515)

National CNG is located in F-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 20

Marla’s and7 employees have been working in National CNG.


15-10-2010 1200 1.2 5015-11-2010 31200 31.2 131015-12-2010 31200 31.2 1310

Total 63600 63.6 2671

National CNG 3 (Ph # 051-4843515)

National CNG is located in B-Block Satellite Town Rawalpindi, acquiring an area of 10

Marla’s and 5 employees have been working in National CNG.


15-10-2010 1000 1 4215-11-2010 26000 26 109215-12-2010 26000 26 1092

Total 1325000 53 2226

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Daily CNG Consumptin in Satellite Town Rawalpindi

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Unique Total S.Town PSO GascoAmina Madina Anique Kandaan SatelliteGondal Auto Fuel Malang Ahmed KandaanRawal Kandaan National1 National2 National3

Daily CNG consumption in Ton S.Town Rawalpindi

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Unique Total S.Tow n PSO Gasco Amina Madina

Anique Kandaan Satellite Gondal Auto Malang Ahmed

Kandaan Raw al Kandaan National1 National2 National3

CNG Consumption in G.J in S.Town Raw alpindi

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Monthly Consumption of CNG in S.Town Rawalpindi

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CNG Cosumption in Tonin S.Town Raw alpindi

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CNG Consumption in G.J in S.Town Rawalpindi

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Total CNG consumption in KG in S.Town Rawalpindi

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Total CNG Consumption in Ton in S.Town Rawalpindi

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The project which had given to us was Consumption of CNG in Satellite Town

Rawalpindi.

In this regard we visited 20 CNG stations of satellite town. We visited three times all the

CNG stations 0n 15-10-2010, 15-11-2010 and 15-12-2010. The information which we

collected told us the consumption of these CNG’s are 26960 KG on 15-10 2010.

Observation dateConsumption in KG per

Day(20 CNG Stations)

Consumption in Ton per Day

(20 CNG Stations)

Consumption in G.J per

Day(20 CNG Stations)

15-10-2010 29960 29.96 1258


Month(20 CNG Stations)

Consumption in Ton per Month

(20 CNG Stations)



15-11-2010 655200 655.2 27518



Consumption in Ton per Month

(20 CNG Stations)



15-12-2010 655200 655.2 27518

Total Employee in 20 CNG’s 259Total Area Covered by 20 CNG’s in Marla’s 530

Here the question arises that the consumption of these 20 CNG’s goes to such a huge

extent. The energy consumption has risen to a very great scale.

Among these CNG’s stations a few where Petrol and Diesel were also available. During

our survey we noted that most of the vehicle depends on CNG fuel. There are few

reasons of a highest use of CNG. It is cheaper as compare to petrol and diesel. A vehicle

easily covered about 20 Km in just one KG. In comparison with petrol a vehicle cover

just 14KM.This is the reason people mostly depend on CNG.

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If we study the consumption of energy along with environment, no doubt with the

consumption of energy like CNG petrol and Diesel there come a worst effect on

environment. It is observed the CNG pollutes our environment less then petrol and

diesels, and CNG gives better mileage too.

Difference between CNG and Oil Consumption

Compressed Natural Gas

1. (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG may also be mixed with biogas, produced from landfills or wastewater, which doesn't increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere.

2. CNG is used in traditional gasoline internal combustion engine cars that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles (gasoline/CNG). Natural gas vehicles are increasingly used in the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Europe, and America due to rising gasoline prices. In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-tuks and pickup trucks, transit and school buses, and trains.

3. CNG produces significantly lesser emissions of pollutants like carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (UHC), carbonmonoxide (CO),nitrogenoxides (NOx), sulfuroxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM), as compared to petrol. For example, an engine running on petrol for 100 km emits 22,000 grams of CO2, while covering the same distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams of CO2. [CNG is essentially methane, i.e. CH4 with a calorific value of 900 Kj/mol. This burns with Oxygen to produce 1 mol of CO2 and 2 mol of H2O. By comparison, petrol can be regarded as essentially Benzene or similar, C6H6 with a calorific value of about 3,300 Kj/mol and these burns to produce 6 mol of CO2 and 3 mol of H2O. From this it can be seen that per mol of CO2 produced, CNG releases over 1.6 times as much energy as that released from petrol (or for the same amount of energy, CNG produces nearly 40% less CO2).] The corresponding figures are 78 and 25.8 grams respectively, for nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced even further. Due to lower carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions, switching to CNG can help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The ability of CNG to reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the entire fuel lifecycle will depend on the source of the natural gas and the fuel it is replacing.

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Oil Vs Gas

Oil and gas are used as fuels, and they are non-renewable energy forms.

He Difference between oil and gas is that the term oil refers to hydrocarbon mixtures that

are liquid at room temperature, whereas gas is a mixture of gas formed from the fossil

remains buried deep in the Earth. Gas can be associated with oil, or found alone.

CNG Advantage

Due to the absence of any lead or benzene content in CNG, the lead fouling of spark

plugs is eliminated.

CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs when compared with other fuel-

powered vehicles.

CNG fuel systems are sealed, which prevents any spill or evaporation losses.

Another practical advantage observed is the increased life of lubricating oils, as CNG

does not contaminate and dilute the crankcase oil.

CNG mixes easily and evenly in air being a gaseous fuel. CNG is less likely to auto-

ignite on hot surfaces, since it has a high auto-ignition temperature (540 °C) and a narrow

range (5%-15%) of flammability.

Pakistan currently has the highest number of vehicles running on CNG in the world

followed by Argentina, Brazil and Iran. Pakistan also has the highest number of CNG

stations in the world numbering more than 2600. Majority of private vehicles have

converted to CNG because of cheaper price as compared to petrol. Only luxury cars and

official vehicles now run on petrol. Recently, new CNG Buses had been introduced

by CDGK in Karachi. Almost all car manufacturers in Pakistan (except Honda) now

produce company fitted CNG kit versions. Recent likes in CNG prices has downplayed

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDGK

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGV

the ambitious ventures of some of the stakeholders in this sector. It is expected that price

of the CNG and Kits will come down as competition among manufacturers grows

Disadvantages

Insufficient infrastructure

Every alternative fuel which tries to compete with traditional sources of energy suffers

from a lack of infrastructure necessary for widespread use. In the case of natural gas, the

main problem is the lower number of fuel stations.

a. Higher cost of a vehicle: the conversion of a vehicle to natural gas increases

the price by the cost of installation and certification of an additional fuel

system, serially production vehicles are more expensive (smaller production

run, individual manufacture)

b. The cost of fuel stations is higher, and fuel system components are more

expensive

Because vehicles powered by natural gas are not widespread and are manufactured in a

limited range, the cost is higher. However, as the use of natural gas in transportation

becomes more widespread, the cost should go down. Deterioration of existing comfort.

The fuel system must be regularly inspected. The trunk or the interior space is reduced by

the space necessary for the installation of gas bottles.

This problem can be alleviated by installing gas bottles on the roof (buses), under the

chassis (passenger cars, trucks), or in a different place (spare wheel compartment).

Operating Disadvantages

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The total weight of a vehicle is increased, reducing the maximum load, due to the

installation of the pressure tank holding the natural gas. This disadvantage can be

minimized by using bottles made of composite materials that can be up to five times

lighter than steel.

Vehicles powered by natural gas are subject to stricter safety measures (use of garages,

repairs, etc.).

The engine power is reduced (5 - 10 %) in the case of converted vehicles. CNG vehicles

have a shorter traveling distance compared to traditional fuels (200 250 km in the case of

an automobile converted for the use of natural gas).

Conclusion

After visited 20 CNG stations we have concluded that:

1. CNG is a cheaper fuel than petrol and diesel in Pakistan.

2. CNG gives more mileage as compared to petrol and diesel.

3. CNG produces hazardous gas lesser than other fuels.

4. Along with the advantages, the CNG is more dangerous (highly explosive) as

compared to petrol and diesel.

5. Some CNG stations are located in highly populated residential areas which

can be dangerous for the surrounding population.

6. The staff working on the CNG station are not been provided with any safety

measures or equipment.

7. The engine life is effected negatively due to non-lubrication when used CNG

as fuel.

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8. The efficiency of engine is affected and in result the speed and pick of

automobile is affected badly.

Recommendations

1. CNG stations should be equipped with proper safety measures for both staff

and customers.

2. The cylinders and CNG kits installed in automobiles should be properly and

periodically look after.

3. CNG is a fossil fuel and it will be finished after a specific time, so that we

have to make arrangements and research for other sources of energy.

4. Old models of vehicles should be banned because they consume more CNG

along with the engine lubricants which produce more pollution.

5. CNG station should be on proper distance from the residential buildings.

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References

1. All Pakistan CNG Association

2. Kandaan Association

3. Field Survey conducted by the researchers.

4. Internet

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