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North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
Conservation Agriculture with High TunnelsDon Immanuel Edralin, Ph.D.Don Immanuel Edralin, Ph.D.
Manuel R. Reyes, Ph.D.Biological Engineering Program
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State UniversityJuly 28, 2015 – 3:30 Pm
Imperial H, Adaptive Management
70th Soil and Water Conservation Service International July 26-29, 2015
Annual ConferenceGreensboro, NC
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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LornaSoftware Engineer
SAS, Cary, NC
Thanks to my Thanks to my wife wife
Geyser Yellowstone National Park
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Part of Part of Headquarters Stark Headquarters Stark
IndustriesIndustriesIron Man 3Iron Man 3
4
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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MicahNorth Carolina State University, BS Civil and Environmental Engineering, and MS in Marine Sciences; currently designing sailboat parts with Hall Spars and Rigging, Bristol, Rhode Island, 30 years old no girlfriend. I told him my need to be a grand dad, he said not yet.
Thanks to my son Thanks to my son MicahMicah
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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2011201112 years old12 years old
ZachZach kissing an ancient kissing an ancient smiling face in Angkor Wat, smiling face in Angkor Wat,
CambodiaCambodia
2012201213 years old13 years old
Thanks to my son ZachThanks to my son Zach
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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2013201314 years 14 years oldold
Thanks to my son ZachThanks to my son Zach
2014201415 years 15 years oldold
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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This is a part of a Global Study funded This is a part of a Global Study funded by:by:
French Agency for International Development
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Funded by Evans Allen Research Program:
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Presentation outline
Background
Objective
Method
Results
Conclusion
10
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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The irony:
“A third (2.4 billion) of the world’s 7.3 billion people are
smallholder farmers and their families who produce
nearly 70% of all food consumed worldwide on 60% of
the planet’s arable land.” theguardian
They are marginalized and very little investments are
provided to them, especially on research
11
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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N.C. A&T targets this population
This research is part of a global research.
N.C. A&T is conducting studies applying conservation
agriculture in vegetable production systems on
commercial home gardeners farming 200 square
meters (0.05 acres) or less.
12
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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CENTRAL CENTRAL AMERICAAMERICA
17
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS, NCA&T
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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ONE FOCUSONE FOCUSConservation Agriculture Conservation Agriculture
Vegetable Production Vegetable Production
System for SmallholdersSystem for Smallholders
31
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Minimal soil disturbance
No tillage
MMcDcD
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Minimum soil disturbance no-tillage
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Minimum soil disturbance no-tillage
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
www.ncat.eduNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
Continuous mulch
MMccDD
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Continuous mulchContinuous mulch
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Continuous mulchContinuous mulch
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
www.ncat.eduNorth Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
Diverse species McDMcD
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Diverse speciesDiverse species
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Diverse speciesDiverse species
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
Conservation Conservation Agriculture with High Agriculture with High
TunnelsTunnels
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Presentation outline
Background
Objective
»To determine if Conservation Agriculture will affect vegetable yield in high tunnels
Method
Results
Conclusion
43
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
www.ncat.edu
Presentation outline
Background
Objective
Method Results
Conclusion
44
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
www.ncat.edu
210 meters above sea level (masl).
Autryville sand with 0-3% slope (USDA Web Soil
Survey)
common for Southern coastal plain, Carolina and
Georgia Sand Hills, Atlantic coast Flatwoods and
tidewater area
Soil is very deep, well drained with no flooding,
and surface run-off is negligible to very low.
Water holding capacity of the area is low
Site description
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Land management strategies effect on soil quality and crop productivity in North Carolina Site Identification and field establishment
Replication 1
Replication 2
Replication 3
Replication 4
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Experimental farm layout in Jackson, Springs NC. Gray rectangles represent the high tunnels and the dark rectangles for open field (Photo obtained from Bing.com)
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Experimental design
2 by 4 factorial laid out in split-plot design with
4 replications.
Statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.2.
Treatment mean differences whenever
significant were separated using Fishers
protected LSD test at 95% level of
significance.
48
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Experimental design
Conservation agriculture experimental treatments
Main plot
Tunnel No tunnel
Subplots Conservation Agriculture (CS 1)* Conservation Agriculture (CS1)
Manual/ Roto tiller Tillage (CS 1) Manual/ Roto tiller Tillage (CS 1)
Conservation Agriculture (CS 2) Conservation Agriculture (CS 2)
Manual/ Roto tiller Tillage (CS 2) Manual/ Roto tiller Tillage (CS 2)
* CS 1 – Cropping system 1: Brocolli, Tomato, Collards; CS 2 – Cropping system 2: Cauliflower- Squash (Zephyr-F1) - Green bell pepper – mustard greens Radish
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Presentation outline
Background
Objective
Method
Results Conclusion
50
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Results 1st and 2nd crop not reported – establishment
phase and crop damage due to deer,
respectively. – the experiment is now with
electric fence
Yield of 3rd (Zephyr squash) and 4th (California
Bell pepper) crop for crop cycle 1 and 3rd
(German Johnson tomato) crop of crop cycle 2
is reported.
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Vegetable crop productivity Treatment Cycle 1 – 3rd crop (T/ha) German Johnson Tomatoes
Main plots Marketable yield
(tons/ha)
No. of Marketable fruits per hectare
Unmarketable Yield
(tons/ha) ns
No. of unmarketable
fruits per hectare ns
Tunnel 5.7ns 33333ns 2.8ns 19584ns
Open 1.62 12084 1.0 7917
Subplot
CA 4.2ns 22500ns 2.5ns 16667ns
Tilled 3.1 22917 1.3 10833
Interaction effectTunnel x practice
ns ns ns ns
+ Means having the same letters under the same column and the same mainplot or subplot are not significantly different at 5% α level of significance as indicated by Fisher’s protected LSD test.ns – not significant at 5% α
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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(only inside tunnels grew well due to winter)
Treatment Cycle 1 – 4th crop (T/ha) Collard greens
Inside tunnels Marketable yield
CA 4.97ns
Tilled 4.07
+ Means having the same letters under the same column and the same mainplot or subplot are not significantly different at 5% α level of significance as indicated by Fisher’s protected LSD test.ns – not significant at 5% α
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Vegetable crop productivity
Treatment Cycle 2 - 3rd crop (T/ha) Zephyr Squash
Main plots Marketable yield
(tons/ha)
No. of Marketable fruits per hectare
Unmarketable Yield
(tons/ha) ns
No. of unmarketable
fruits per hectare ns
Tunnel 3.1a** 46845a* 0.7a* 22933a*
Open 0.6b 50514b 0.1b 2935b
Subplot
CA 1.8ns 23606ns 0.3ns 9173ns
Tilled 1.9 31311 0.6 16695
Interaction effectTunnel x practice
ns ns ns ns
+ Means having the same letters under the same column and under the same main plot or subplot are not significantly different at 5% α level of significance as indicated by Fisher’s protected LSD test. ns – not significant at 5% α
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Treatment Cycle 2 – 4th crop (T/ha) California bell pepper
Subplot Marketable yield
(tons/ha) **
No. of Marketable fruits per hectare **
Unmarketable Yield
(tons/ha) **
No. of unmarketable
fruits per hectare **
Tunnel CA 8.96a 107084a 1.13a 20833a
Tunnel Tilled 2.00b 28333b 0.34b 6667b
Open CA 0.04c 1667bc 0b 0c
Open Tilled 0.00c 0c 0b 0c
Interaction effectTunnel x practice
** ** ** **
+ Means having the same letters under the same column are not significantly different at 5% α level of significance as indicated by Fisher’s protected LSD test. **- Significant at 1% alpha level of significance
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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(only inside tunnels grew well due to winter)
Treatment Cycle 2 – 5th crop (T/ha) Collard greens
Inside tunnels Marketable yield
CA 4.4ns
Tilled 5.7
ns – not significant at 5% α
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Summary Growing in high tunnels gives higher yield in early
spring due to the warmth provided by the tunnel
Growing in high tunnels in winter results to greater yield
that may have been cause by less weed competition
Growing in tunnels during fall to spring provides
protection for vegetables especially from frost and leads
to greater yields
Significant yield increase was observed as a result of
CA in 1 crop while the rest did not show any effect on
yield
57
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
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Conclusion
High tunnels are important to promote better yields and
may be due to warmth and the tunnel also protected
against weed growth (possibly weed suppression from
wind carrying weed seeds).
Conservation agriculture effect is variable but did not
show any significant reduction in yield. It however
shows increase in yield in one crop.
58
Future activities•Further tests are needed to be able to attain conclusive results on CA’s effect on yield.