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Arid area solution

engine solar hybrids20151 Wrtsil Possible Solution for K.O.CK.N.P.CMunicipalitiesHousing Authaurities

Doc.ID:Revision:Status:28 / WrtsilIrradiation levels show good potential for solar hybrids in Kuwait2 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power PlantsGlobal horizontal irradiationDirect normal irradiation

Source: SolargisKuwaitKuwait

How an Engine Solar Hybrid works3 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants

SunlightFuelPVPV controllerEnginesLead control systemTotal loadTotal generationSolar + Engines

Engine controllersRenewable fuel, flared gas, crude oil ; or any fuel available

CONDRADIATORS

STEAM TURBINE

EXHAUST GAS BOILERPOWERkW

MULTI FUEL ENGINE

Wartsila

Wartsila

Wartsila

POWERKWSTEAM FLOW FROM RECIP

231CSP 14 Bar(a)Steam Turbine Cogeneration PlantBoiler with suplementary fireQuestion?How to get 100% Renewable Power Plants?Answer:Use the Sun when available and Bio Fuel when no sun BIO-FUEL 4N-Gas HFO (Standby)

Advantages of Engine Solar Hybrid Power PlantsSave Fuel: A hybrid saves fuel when solar is generating powerReduce Costs: The cost of electricity is lower when the value of the fuel saved is greater than the solar costsMaintain Reliability: Due to the engines a hybrid maintains reliability producing as much electricity as needed also when the sun doesnt shineHighly Scalable: Both engines and solar PV are scalable to needed capacityFlexibility: Engines can flexibly generate according to shifting demand Solar curtailment or energy storage are other potential sources of flexibility5 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants

Maintain Reliability Save Fuel

Reduce Costs

Highly Scalable

FlexibilityA Hybrid brings together the best of both worlds

Hybrid Model Daily Energy Generation exampleFlat loadVarying loadEnergy generation split by technology 6 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power PlantsPV can be scaled up to ~70% of loadPV operates as a secondary power sourcePV does not replace engines, it is a means of fuel savings and is commercially viable due to operational fuel savings alone

Example of engine utilization7 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power PlantsEngines flexibly generate remainder of load demand (after solar)

Engine Generation Solar Generation

The operational flexibility of Smart Power Generation enables load following and in hybrid power plants Solar as negative load , increases flexibilityAs Engine output nears minimum partial load, solar output is reducedTemporary reduction protects generator from damage and ensures efficient operation

Integration of Control-Solar as negative load improves flexibility8 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants

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Kuwait Hybrid Case study and broad conclusions9 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants

First Solar, Inc.A case study of 55 MW Wrtsil engines + 40 MWac PV solar

Engine-Solar Hybrid financial model11 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants A model that integrates cost of both Wrtsil plant and PV plant: Separate costs for comparison and Integrated hybrid case where cost synergies are taken into account PV and Genset generation are combined Engines load and heat rate depends on solar generation Different scenarios can be modeled for example 100% Genset or Genset + PV The scenarios are used to calculate fuel savings for the hybrid solution, and comparing LCOE Sensitivity analysis shows the fuel price (cost) at which the hybrid reaches break evenWrtsil has conducted an electricity cost evaluation for a hybrid power plant in Kuwait. The plant is evaluated on the basis of: 6 x Wrtsil 20V32TS (54 MW) running on HFO 40 MW (ac) Photovoltaic solar capacity Wrtsil has used its in-house tools and expertise in evaluating the options A realistic load profile with peak demand of 54 MW has been used Issues related to taxes, duties, insurance costs, various soft costs etc. are for the purpose of this comparison left outFinancial modelStudy assumptions for Kuwait example

Doc.ID:Revision:Status:28 / WrtsilLoad profile and running profiles12 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power PlantsAverage Output/ month Average daily load curve example July In this study we have assumed a daily load curve where the Wrtsil engines generate the difference to the total demand. The load curve has been scaled with monthly output data to give a daily load curve for each month With this running profile and load curve (demand) the average plant load for the Wrtsil plant is 41% and the efficiency is 42% (Heat rate: 8650 kJ/kWh)

Source data on solar from First Solar

ResultsWith these assumptions Levelized cost of electricity (excl. Fuel) is 66.57 USD/MWh or $cents 6.7/kWhDepending of fuel price LCOE is:13 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power PlantsBreak even is achievedSource data on solar from First Solar

Benefits of Wrtsil Engine- Solar Hybrid

Affordable, Reliable & Sustainable system

(1) Reduction in LCOE depending on the current international fuel market priceSolar PV14 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants

Fuel Savings (saves fuel cost and mitigates fuel price volatility risk)Drop in Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) (1)Higher system efficiency Optimize operations of overall fleetFlexibility: Hybrid power plants can offer a higher degree of flexibility/ dispatchabilityHealthy Return on equity for the plant investor Environmental benefits- towards Greener power

Smart Power Generation Best complement for hybrids

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Further information on solar technologies16 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants First Solar, Inc.

Solar technologies: PV and CSPCSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to concentrate solar radiation into a small beamThe concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional powerplant through a working fluid (for example molten salt, oil etc.) and a steam turbineThere are different technologies within CSP: Parabolic trough, Linear fresnel reflector, Stirling dish, and Solar power tower

CSP in a hybrid would make sense with a combined cycle plant with a steam turbine. Wrtsil also has Flexicycle (combined cycle) plants17 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power PlantsPhotovoltaicsConcentrated solar powerPhotovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect (electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and jump to the conduction band creating direct current)Direct current (dc) is then converted to desired voltage and to alternating current (ac) by invertersPV can use wafer based crystalline silicon cells or thin film cells (can be based on different materials e.g. cadmium telluride, silicon...)

PV can work flexibly in a hybrid with Wrtsil engines running on any fuel

Solar technologies: Solar thermal18

Source: First Solar

Solar technologies: Many approaches to making PV cellsSource: Mike McGehee , Stanford University, presentation 2003

20x-100x500x

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 ~ 1-2 umc-Si ~ 180 um

Source: First Solar

Solar technologies: PV versus CSP

Source: Flagsol presentation, 2009

Source: Mike McGehee , Stanford University, presentation 2003Source: First Solar, adapted by Wrtsil

Land use is approx. 140 W/m (peak power) meaning that 1 MW requires ~7 200 mLand use is comparable to PVO&M generally higher than for PVO&M depends on supplier and scope: e.g. 4-25 USD/kWdc/year

Electricity storage less efficient than thermalA hybrid can give dispatchability to PVEnergy price of PV is generally less than for CSPPV can be built in shorter time at lower cost

CSP has inherent heat storageCSP allows for dispatchabilityThermal energy storage more efficient than electricity storageEnergy price more expensiveLonger construction timeHigher use of land and waterRequires large projects

Solar is decreasing in priceDiesel prices remain highly volatile and have steadily increasedSource: First Solar (US Energy Information Administration, DOE, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory)

Small PV System Median Installed Price 20032012

WTI Crude Oil Prices 20032013

Photovoltaic solar system prices have reduced by over 50% in the last few yearsFirst Solar can deliver solar energy that is cost competitive with a wide range of conventional energy sources, including all liquid fuel generationFuel prices remain highly volatile and have steadily increased (Click) Our hybrid system solutions are designed to:Capitalize on the value of solarHedge against rising fuel costsReduce operational expensesMaintain reliable operations

COE from PV is already less than half that of diesel generation in many markets21

Cleaning solutions: Field Images of Soiling AccumulationDay5678910Loss2%2.3%2.7%3%3.3%3.5%

Clean ModuleSource: First Solar

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Cleaning solutions: Example of Heavily Soiled vs. Wet Clean 500kVA Inverter Power Output CurvesData taken halfway through first cleaning of plantIllustrates maximum soiling loss after 2 months without cleaningClean ArraysHeavily soiled

~35% lossSource: First Solar

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Low CostHigh AvailabilityHigh CostLow AvailabilityHigh CostLow AvailabilityLow CostHigh AvailabilityRobot FleetWATERWATERLABORLABORManual Dry Brush TrolleyFirst SolarRobot FleetMinimal Water ManualWet CleanOther Considerations:Night Cleaning OnlyEquipment CostPlant Site SizeFixed Tilt & Tracker StructuresCleaning solutions: OptionsSource: First Solar

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Cleaning solutions: ExamplesIn low-cost labor markets with low water availability two manual dry methods are appropriate

Brush TrolleyDouble brush with suspensionRequires two workers/unitDust BroomVelocity: 4 Workers = 1MW/nightDemo 1: Brush Trolley

Demo 2: Robotic cleaning

Source: First Solar

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Thank you!26 Wrtsil 16 February 2016 Wrtsil / Power Plants

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