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How effective has Bwindi’s ICD been?
Successes, Limitations
&
Rationale for the Research
ICD Evaluations
• To date many evaluations of Bwindi’s ICD
• These established successes & limitations of ICD
• Provided the foundation for this research
Blomley et al 2010 – Development & Gorillas
ICD has improved relations between local communities & conservation authorities
Benefitted wealthier villagers rather than poorer villagers assumed undertaking unauthorised resource use
Law enforcement was more effective than ICD in reducing unauthorised resource use
• Need to test assumption that poorer villagers undertake unauthorised resource use to meet subsistence needs
• Is poverty a primary driver of unauthorised resource use?
Blomley et al 2010 – Development & Gorillas
• Need for better ICD targeting: the right people with the right amount of the right benefit
• Ranger Based Monitoring Program generates data on ‘what & where’ of unauthorized resource use
• But a lack of data on ‘who & why’
• Limited understanding on resource users limits ability to improve ICD targeting
Blomley et al 2010 – Development & Gorillas
Conflict Assessment 2011
• The first ICD was to resolve conflict & enable local access to forest resources for subsistence
• Violent conflict at gazettement was instigated by local pit sawyers & miners over the loss of jobs & income
• No specific ICD for pit sawyers & miners yet these villagers lost a primary income source
Conflict Assessment 2011
Raises questions....
• Have those who incur conservation costs benefitted from ICD?
• Pit sawing & mining was illegal - but – if no specific ICD will these individuals continuetimber & mineral harvesting?
Tourism Revenue Sharing 2012
Community projects achieved
But overall failing to deliver adequate benefits
Need for greater for participatory planning & monitoring
Tourism Revenue Sharing 2012
• Raises questions on governance of ICD
• Many efforts made to involve local communities with ICD but....
• Do local people feel involved with & ownership of ICD?
• Do local people feel they have benefitted from ICD?
Where are we now?
ICD has improved community-park relations
Reduction in the high levels of unauthorised resource use
Gorillas are increasing
Where are we now?
Law enforcement is more effective in reducing threats to conservation
ICD benefits wealthier villagers – contribution to poverty alleviation?
Questions over equal & fair benefit distribution
Why is ICD not working more effectively…
to alleviate povertyto reduce threats to conservation
Why is ICD not working more effectively?
Assumes poverty drivers unauthorised resource use
Poor targeting
Lack of good governance
No effective links with other ‘ICD’ type projects
This set the foundation for our hypothesis & research questions
1) Resource use 2) Governance
Why is ICD not working more effectively?
Poorest community members undertake
unauthorised resource use
Livelihood security (risk coping strategies) &
subsistence (meeting daily needs) are primary drivers of unauthorised resource
use
Those engaged with unauthorised resource use have benefitted less from
ICD than those who refrain from such use
Resource Use Hypotheses
Why is ICD not working more effectively?
Who are the poorest members of communities
neighbouring Bwindi?
What are the social & economic profiles of
authorised & unauthorised resource users?
What resources docommunities seek from
Bwindi & why?
What are the differences in ICD benefit perceived by
resource users (both authorised and
unauthorised) and non-users?
Resource Use Research Questions
Why is ICD not working more effectively?
Governance Hypotheses
ICD is more likely to be successful as a community project if local people perceive that they are:
• Involved with ICD
• Have ownership of an ICD project
• Receive an equitable share of benefits
Why is ICD not working more effectively?
How do local people define involvement with ICD?
Do local people feel involved in ICD projects?
Do local people feel a sense of ownership of ICD?
What are local perceptions on governance of Multiple
Use?
Governance Research Questions
Research Matrix
Resource User Questionnaires
May Imperial Master Student:
Governance
Mariel Imperial Master Student: Motivations for Resource Use
Stephen Asuma: Forgotten
Stakeholders
Michelle Wieland & ITFC:
BMCT Impact Assessment
