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Energy consumption in student hostels of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) :Energy audit and energy efficiency awareness
Kamarulazizi Ibrahim; Theam Foo Ng ; Ahmad Firdaus Ahmad Shabudin;
Mohd Sayuti Hassan; Marlinah MuslimCentre for Global Sustainability Studies
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang
Introduction and backgroundMethodologyResult and discussionWay Forward Conclusion
Outline
• Consumption of domestic electricity worldwide is growing.
• Daily consumption in USM main campus > US$ 4882.99 !• The total population of USM residents is 29,389
consists of all students and staff.• Area of USM (main campus) is 416.6 hectare.
This research assist to:understand more about the level of energy
consumption.understand the awareness level of student on
energy conservation.
.Introduction and background
Methodology
Mix-quantitative
Detailed lamp audit
Total energy consumption
Energy consumption for lighting
Preliminary audits
Saujana(S)
Tekun(T)
Restu(R)
Indah Kembara
(IK)
Aman Damai(AD)
Bakti Permai
(BP)
Fajar Harapan
(FH)
Cahaya Gemilang
(CG)
Study Location
1.Total energy consumption of each hostel buildings
Facility and Utility Data Analysis - 7 months utility bills ( January - July 2015) - Rate of monthly energy consumption (kWh) = Rate of monthly energy consumption (US$) / 0.055*
* Electrical tariff for university is US$0.055/kWh based on TNB (National Grid) Electricity Tariff C2.
2. Energy consumption for lighting in each hostel and the level of student engagement in sustainable energy consumption practices
Field questionnaires- 173 respondents ( student population)- Using Close-Ended Question (Yes/ No)
Walk through survey- evaluate electrical use of each hostel- determined occupancy estimates based on room numbers,
types and quantity of lamp used in each hostel room, lamp usage in voltages and also electricity wastage
- Energy used in a hostel per day 1
- Total energy used in USM hostels daily 1AssumptionsEach student in hostel room uses only one long and short fluorescent tubes except for the hostels Fajar Harapan, Restu,
Saujana and Tekun where each student shares one long fluorescent tube. Due to this sharing, a weightage of 0.5 was assigned during the calculation of the energy usage for a fair comparison.
All rooms in the hostels are fully occupied by students.Power that consumed by long and short fluorescent tubes are 36W and 18W, respectively.
Results&
Discussion
Figure 1 Energy consumption of USM hostels from January to July 2015
• Four hostels (R, S, T and BP) > other hostels (IK, AD, FH and CG) • 3 categories FACTORS: natural (e.g. occupant number, elevator usage,
lifestyle (e.g. usage of prohibited electronic appliances, usage habits of the residents) hostel rules enforcement (poor imposition of penalty).
Jan Feb March April May June July0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
Aman Damai Bakti Permai Cahaya Gemilang Fajar Harapan
Indah Kembara Restu Saujana Tekun
Month
Energy con-sumption (RM)
Total energy consumption in each hostel buildings
Aman Damai
Bakti Permai
Cahaya Gemilang
Fajar Harapan
Indah Kembara
Restu Saujana Tekun0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
274 334 321 194
8171033
796 722
321645
686
903
1792
1033
Male Female
Num
ber
of r
esid
ents
Figure 2 Total numbers of residents in USM hostels
• T highest - use of elevators. - supplied to residential buildings - supplied to non-residential buildings( foyer, flyover & guard house).
• FH was not equipped with energy consuming facilities like elevator.
Figure 3 Average energy consumption rates in each hostel in a month
1. Tekun (T) - US$7966.50 5. Indah Kembara (IK) - US$3135.822. Saujana (S) - US$5843.31 6. Aman Damai (AD) - US$2757.803. Bakti Permai (BP) - US$5831.07 7. Cahaya Gemilang (CG) - US$2143.054. Restu (R) - US$5470.11 8. Fajar Harapan (FH) - US$1471.77
Aman DamaiBakti Permai
Cahaya Gemilang
Fajar HarapanIndah Kembara
Restu SaujanaTekun
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Energy con-sumption
(RM)
HostelTotal
number of residents
kWh
AD 1168 441.2BP 839 422.71T 2066 557.45R 2066 575.29S 1864 394.23IK 916 382.85FH 600 144.62CG 1119 396.40
Total energy consumption 3314.75
Table 1 Total daily energy consumption of each hostel
Aman Damai
Bakti Permai
Cahaya Gemilang
Fajar Harapan
Indah Kembara
Restu SaujanaTekun
0
5
10
15
20
25
Electricity con-sumption (RM)
Figure 4 Electricity consumption rate of each resident in each hostel in a month
1. BP : US$5.522. T : US$3.863. IK : US$3.564. CG : US$3.34 5. S : US$3.266. R : US$3.187. AD : US$2.588. FH : US$2.28
Hostel Number of respondents
Restu 21Saujana 20Tekun 21
Indah Kembara 23Aman Damai 30Fajar Harapan 16Bakti Permai 21
Cahaya Gemilang 21Total 173
Table 2 Distribution of respondents according to hostels
Figure 5 :Total number of 173 respondents participated
Energy consumption for lighting in each hostel and level of student engagement in sustainable energy consumption practices
Duration of lights usage (hours)
Number of respondents
1-4 244-8 84
8-12 3912 and above 26
Total 173
Table 3 Duration of lights usageNumber of respondents
Figure 6 Number of respondents switching off light when leaving room & switching on light in daytime
Duration (hours)
Number of respondents
AD BP T R S IK FH CG
1-4 7 2 4 4 3 0 5 04-8 11 5 7 7 15 14 5 18
8-12 9 3 7 5 2 7 4 312 and above 3 11 3 5 0 2 2 0
Table 4 Duration of lights switched on at each hostel
Number of respondents
Figure 7 Awareness on the Earth Hour campaign among respondents
Awareness Figure 8 Number of respondents participated in the Earth Hour campaign among 152
respondents who were aware of it
Way forward
Earth Hour
LED Motion Sensor Light
Light Emitting Diode (LED) As Replacement for Fluorescent Lamp
Electricity Wastage
Conclusion
Most of the energy expenditures and consumptions on hostel campuses in higher education occur within buildings for heating, cooling and lighting.
the level of student engagement in sustainable energy consumption practices was still moderate.
The students’ behaviour can have significant impacts on energy conservation and energy efficiency.
Kamarulazizi Ibrahim, PhD
Centre for Global Sustainability Studies
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
E-mail: [email protected]
Thank you & Terima kasih