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Integrated Management of of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Case Studies from
Uganda
B. E. Isabirye, A. Mayamba, E. Zziwa, A. M. Akol, C.K. Nankinga, I. Rwomushana
2
Background… Agriculture…Global and Uganda
Employs 45% of the working global population and over 80% in most parts of Africa and Asia!
Uganda•Export:
90%•Employment:
80%•People living in rural areas : 85%•Source of raw materials…….
3
Fruit industry in Uganda….the positive side!
4
Bad news for most fruit producers!
5
Bad news for fruit Export!
Y2003 Y2004 Y2005 Y2006 Y2007 Y2008 Y2009 Y20100
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
Volume (Tonnes) Value (US$)
Period (Years)
Volu
me
(Ton
nes)
(Source: UNEPB)
Valu
e (U
S$)
6
Negatively affect fruit trade
7
This Review…. Milestones and Achievements
.
• Status of Knowledge• Diversity and Distribution• Host utilization
• Farm level Management • Citrus Research International (CRI)• Millennium Science Initiative-MSI• Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness
Advisory Services- ATAAS
• Future plans and Way forward
8
Status of Knowledge: DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN UGANDA
Bactrocer
a
Bistris
pinaria
Cappari
myia
Carpophthoro
myia
Ceratitis
Ceratitoides
Clinotae
nia Dacu
s
Leucotae
niella
Perilam
psis
Trirhith
rum
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
3 32 2
26
1 1
44
12
17
Species= 102 Genera=11
9
Status of Knowledge: DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION IN UGANDA
10
Status of Knowledge: HOST UTILIZATION IN UGANDA
An
nona
ceae
Sola
nace
ae
Ruta
ceae
Anac
ardi
acea
e
Myr
tace
ae
Cucu
rbita
ceae
Mor
acea
e
Sapo
tace
ae
Rosa
ceae
Laur
acea
e
Rubi
acea
e
Caric
acea
e
Com
bret
acae
a
Ster
culia
ceae
Vita
ceae
Euph
orbi
acea
e
Mus
acea
e
Verb
enac
eae
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
69
99
8
54
32
65
4 43
21 1 1
Plant Richness Fruit Fly Richness
Plant Families
Spec
ies R
ichn
ess
11
Status of Knowledge: HOST UTILIZATION IN UGANDA
Term
inal
ia c
atap
pa
Psid
ium
gua
njav
a
Man
gife
ra in
dica
Pers
ea a
mer
ican
a
Citr
us li
mon
Citr
us si
nens
is
Citr
us re
ticul
ata
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
B. invadens (%) Overall Positivity (%)
Fruit Species
Posit
ivity
(%)
B. d
orsa
lis (
%)
12
Mango Fruit Host Utilization
Status of Knowledge: HOST UTILIZATION IN UGANDA
Keitt
Kate
Biire
Glen
Zille
tte
Borib
o
Kago
gwa
Appl
e
Dodo
Palv
in
Kent
Tom
my
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
05101520253035404550
Mean/ Kg Positive (%)
Infe
stati
on (L
arva
e/Kg
)
Positi
vity
(%)
ALL ZONES
Keit
Tom
my
Kago
gwa
Biire
Dodo
Kent
Borib
o
Palv
in
Appl
e
Kate
Glen
Zille
tte
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Mean Positive (%)
Infe
stati
on (L
arva
e/Kg
)
Positi
vity
(%)
WMHF
Kate
Kago
gwa
Biire
Tom
my
Appl
e
Keitt
Borib
o
Palv
in
Zilla
tte
Glen
Dodo
Kent
0102030405060708090
100
05101520253035404550
Mean/ Kg Positive (%)
Infe
stati
on (L
arve
a/Kg
)
Positi
vity
(%)
LVC
Zille
tte
Biire
Kago
gwa
Appl
e
Dodo
Kent
Glen
Tom
my
Kate
Borib
o
Palv
in
Keitt
0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.0
0.020.040.060.080.0100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0200.0
Mean/Kg Positive (%)
Positi
vity
(%)
Infe
stati
on (L
arva
e/ K
g)
NMF
13
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT: IPM Initiatives
Fragmented Production landscapes!!!
Average farm size 2.3ha
14
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENTCitrus Research International, 2010
%[
%[%[
%[
%[
%[
%[
LIRA
APAC
GULU
OYAM
AMURU
SOROTI
PADERAGAGO
DOKOLO
AMOLOTAR
KABERAMAIDO
LAMWO
KIRYANDONGO
NWOYA
KITGUM
AMURIA
KATAKWI
NAKASONGOLAKUMI
KAMULI
90 0 90 180 Kilometers
N
Northern Moist FarmlandsLakesDistrict Boundary
%[ Major Sites Sampled%[ Minor Sites SampledKEY
Management of B.dorsalis • MAT
• BAT…Mazoferm
• Orchard Sanitation
• Farmer Practice (Conventional Chemicals: Ridomil, Malathion, etc…)
INVADER-b-LOK™
15
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENTCRI Initiative, 2010
FP BAT BAT+MAT MAT0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
B.invadens FAR C.capitata C.cosyra
Treatments
FT/T
/Day
a
a
bb
16
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENTCRI Initiative, 2010
Figure : Effect of treatment (BAT+MAT+OS) on citrus fruit fly infestation in eastern Uganda (NARL Annual Report 2011) .
Figure : Effect of different treatments on the diversity of fruit flies in citrus orchards in Eastern Uganda (NARL Annual Report 2011).
a
b
17
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT: IPM InitiativesMillennium Science Initiative-2010-2013
%[
%[%[
%[
%[
%[
%[
LIRA
APAC
GULU
OYAM
AMURU
SOROTI
PADERAGAGO
DOKOLO
AMOLOTAR
KABERAMAIDO
LAMWO
KIRYANDONGO
NWOYA
KITGUM
AMURIA
KATAKWI
NAKASONGOLAKUMI
KAMULI
90 0 90 180 Kilometers
N
Northern Moist FarmlandsLakesDistrict Boundary
%[ Major Sites Sampled%[ Minor Sites SampledKEY
%[%[
%[%[ %[
KASESE
KIRUHURA
KABALE
KYENJOJO
KAMWENGE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KABAROLE
ISINGIRO
RUBIRIZI
RUKUNGIRI
IBANDA
KIBINGO
KISORO
BUSHENYI
NSIIKA
BUNDIBUGYO
MITOOMA
KIBAALE
100 0 100 Kilometers
N
LakesWestern Medium-High Farmlands
District Boundary
%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled SitesKEY
%[
%[%[%[
%[
%[
%[
BUIKWE
KAMULI
WAKISO
MUKONO
LUWEERO
MAYUGE
BUGIRI
IGANGATORORO
JINJA
BUSIA
NAMAYINGO
MPIGI
BUDAKAMBALE
BUTALEJAKIYUNGA
MANAFWA
BUKEDEA
KAMPALA
70 0 70 140 Kilometers
N
Lake Victoria Crescent and Mbale farmlands
Lakes%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled Sites
District Boundary
KEY
Management of B.dorsalis • MAT
• BAT…Mazoferm
• Orchard Sanitation
18
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT: IPM InitiativesMillennium Science Initiative-2010-2013
Figure : Effect of three main treatments on abundance of fruit fly pests in fruit agro ecological zones in Uganda (MSI, 2013)
* Counts are Mean Monthly counts
19
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT: IPM InitiativesATAAS-2013-Todate
%[
%[%[%[
%[
%[
%[
BUIKWE
KAMULI
WAKISO
MUKONO
LUWEERO
MAYUGE
BUGIRI
IGANGATORORO
JINJA
BUSIA
NAMAYINGO
MPIGI
BUDAKAMBALE
BUTALEJAKIYUNGA
MANAFWA
BUKEDEA
KAMPALA
70 0 70 140 Kilometers
N
Lake Victoria Crescent and Mbale farmlands
Lakes%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled Sites
District Boundary
KEY
Eastern
%[
%[%[%[
%[
%[
%[
BUIKWE
KAMULI
WAKISO
MUKONO
LUWEERO
MAYUGE
BUGIRI
IGANGATORORO
JINJA
BUSIA
NAMAYINGO
MPIGI
BUDAKAMBALE
BUTALEJAKIYUNGA
MANAFWA
BUKEDEA
KAMPALA
70 0 70 140 Kilometers
N
Lake Victoria Crescent and Mbale farmlands
Lakes%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled Sites
District Boundary
KEY
Central%[%[
%[%[ %[
KASESE
KIRUHURA
KABALE
KYENJOJO
KAMWENGE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KABAROLE
ISINGIRO
RUBIRIZI
RUKUNGIRI
IBANDA
KIBINGO
KISORO
BUSHENYI
NSIIKA
BUNDIBUGYO
MITOOMA
KIBAALE
100 0 100 Kilometers
N
LakesWestern Medium-High Farmlands
District Boundary
%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled SitesKEY
Western
Bagging mango fruit 55-60 days from flower bloom or when the fruits are about the size of a chicken egg.
20
FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT: IPM InitiativesATAAS-2013-Todate
%[%[
%[%[ %[
KASESE
KIRUHURA
KABALE
KYENJOJO
KAMWENGE
MBARARA
NTUNGAMO
KABAROLE
ISINGIRO
RUBIRIZI
RUKUNGIRI
IBANDA
KIBINGO
KISORO
BUSHENYI
NSIIKA
BUNDIBUGYO
MITOOMA
KIBAALE
100 0 100 Kilometers
N
LakesWestern Medium-High Farmlands
District Boundary
%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled SitesKEY
%[
%[%[%[
%[
%[
%[
BUIKWE
KAMULI
WAKISO
MUKONO
LUWEERO
MAYUGE
BUGIRI
IGANGATORORO
JINJA
BUSIA
NAMAYINGO
MPIGI
BUDAKAMBALE
BUTALEJAKIYUNGA
MANAFWA
BUKEDEA
KAMPALA
70 0 70 140 Kilometers
N
Lake Victoria Crescent and Mbale farmlands
Lakes%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled Sites
District Boundary
KEY %[
%[%[%[
%[
%[
%[
BUIKWE
KAMULI
WAKISO
MUKONO
LUWEERO
MAYUGE
BUGIRI
IGANGATORORO
JINJA
BUSIA
NAMAYINGO
MPIGI
BUDAKAMBALE
BUTALEJAKIYUNGA
MANAFWA
BUKEDEA
KAMPALA
70 0 70 140 Kilometers
N
Lake Victoria Crescent and Mbale farmlands
Lakes%[ Major Sampled Sites%[ Minor Sampled Sites
District Boundary
KEY
Eastern CentralWestern
21
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS • A validated provisional package for FF management is in place, can
be upscaled
• Standard guidelines for site-specific implementation of the different control packages/ approaches needed
• Coordinated national management plan for fruit flies in the country.
• An effective knowledge hub on aspects of the ecology/ biology and
options for management of fruit flies in the country.
• Development of a national communication strategy that could identify possible synergies amongst participants
Supervisors:
Thank You Indeed!!!
