1. 1 mm1 mmby Ryszard Traczyk21.3 km/h~0.9 km/h~0.8 km/h

2. Terrestrial observations of separate geographical and vertical living on different age groups andspecies of fish suggest that differences in otolith shape among them became from difference in theirenvironment conditions. (Extracted and enlarged otoliths are over or near the fish heads: Median or Transverse plane)S. Orkney SouthGeorgiaAntarctic Circumpolar0.1 km/hPs. georgianus Ch. aceratusWHITE-BLOODED: high Antarctic; ice pack zone; temperate80S 74, ~70S; 63, ~60S; 63, ~5730S; 52, ~45S 30S-100-200-300-400-500-600-700-800Current[m]S. japonicusChannichthyidaeMacrouridaeC. gunnariFisher, 1985; Kellermann, 1990; North 1990; Hecht, 198721 km/h1 km/h0.9 km/h 3. 321 2, ( ) R C Sv a h x 2SHydrodynamic resistance Ra,h is the smallest for flowing shape = 1 4. 421 km/h21 km/h1 2, ( ) R C Sv a h x 2S0.001 km/hHydrodynamic resistance Ra,h is the smallest for flowing shape = 1thanks to have it, fish mastered ocean space.Success in obtaining food provides higher speed of swimming. 5. 521 km/h21 km/h1 2, ( ) R C Sv a h x 2S0.001 km/hHydrodynamic resistance Ra,h is the smallest for flowing shape = 1thanks to have it, fish mastered ocean space.Success in obtaining food provides higher speed of swimming.This has also a reference to the otoliths provide in swimming:- balance and precision. 6. 6The flattened shape of the otoliths poses littleresistance in endolymph and increases:the perception of positions in fast swimming.21 km/h21 km/h1 2, ( ) R C Sv a h x 2S0.001 km/hHydrodynamic resistance Ra,h is the smallest for flowing shape = 1thanks to have it, fish mastered ocean space.Success in obtaining food provides higher speed of swimming.This has also a reference to the otoliths provide in swimming:- balance and precision.flatened otolith ofMackerelround otolith of medusabidirectionalotolith of squid 7. 7The flattened shape of the otoliths poses littleresistance in endolymph and increases:the perception of positions in fast swimming.21 km/h1 2, ( ) R C Sv a h x 2S21 km/h0.001 km/hHydrodynamic resistance Ra,h is the smallest for flowing shape = 1thanks to have it, fish mastered ocean space.Success in obtaining food provides higher speed of swimming.This has also a reference to the otoliths provide in swimming:- balance and precision.flatened otolith ofMackerelround otolith of medusabidirectionalotolith of squid 8. Otoliths have changes of shape from spherical to more elongated shapeduring the ontogenyThe surface of the otoliths is plastically formed by labyrinth and by measured thechanges of endolymphatic pressure induced by activity. Changes of the pressure in theendolymph arrange her ingredients from which at start of that changes in stationarylarvae they assembling into spherical otoliths.mu8Swimming development in fish. asc, psc, lsc anterior, posterior, lateral semicircular canals, c cristae, l lagena, ml, ms,mu macula lagenae, sacculi, utriculi, s saccule, u utriculi, ed endolymphatic duct, c cochlea, bm basilarmembrane, pb papilla basilaris.sensorialmicrovilliVestibular nervefiberslml21 cm TLcpsc asculscms smsdrift swimmingslow swimmingmsstationary fast swimming~0.01 km/h ~0.1 km/h ~0.3 km/h 9. as the speed of fish swimming increase921 cm TL 10. 100.1 mmpostlarvaeotolithTraczyk, 2013 11. For Ps. georgianus the mark of that shift is as wide layer11Changing environment and physiology in hatching is aslarge as it is clearly marked in the microstructure.having more calcium that washed out separates thehatching nucleus from the rest of the otolith.LN, seperated larval microstruktureeasy disamble by EDTAfrom other parts of otolithTraczyk, 2013 12. Further flattening of otoliths runs from postlarvae to fish of I age group (2.8 to 3)by Second Primordium. Postlarvae swims faster than larvae as begins to migrate tothe waters further from shore and deeper, their otoliths become more flattered.Postlarvae drifting in coastal current accumulate on west side of island.1 0 . 30.6 0 .4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.61.2 0 .8 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.62.81SP1 mmLN12.8AP 13. SEM2 nm platinum + palladiumSecond Primordium increase the flattening ofotolith and decrease its front profileSecond Primordium2.80.1 mm110. 3Traczyk, 2013 14. The increase in the otolith flattening by Second Primordium on medial cross-sectiongive the widest surface which in move of fish in dorsal directionincrease the perception of balance during vertical migration110.6 0 .4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.61.2 0 .8 0.4 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.68. 23.0SP1 mmLN12.8 15. Inside egg inshore outshore deep water, below 200 m development0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mmAge group : 0 I II III IV V VI 16. OH= 0,8248OL1,3048R = 0,9116OH = 0,8064ORL + 1,9359R = 0,9382OH = 1,2623OLJ - 0,2123R = 0,9277876543210OL, mmOH, mmOH otolith height of adultsOLJ otolith lenght of juvenesORL otolith rostral length0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7TL = 4,2463e0,3834OHR = 0,9819TL = 3,3334e0,5477OLR = 0,96211,0356TL = 10,632R9R = 0,9805TL = 9,382ORL - 4,2732R = 0,95436050403020100OH height of adult otolithOLJ otolith length of juvenesOL otolith lengthORL otolith rostral lengthR9 dorsal radiusTL, cm0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7mmResults are in agegroupsOH > OL:OH=bOL+aabove y=xproportionality of the otolith dimensions are constantAnteriorculliculum 17. OH= 0,8248OL1,3048R = 0,9116OH = 0,8064ORL + 1,9359R = 0,9382OL, mmTL = 4,2463e0,3834OHR = 0,9819TL = 3,3334e0,5477OLR = 0,96211,0356OH > OL:OH=bOL+aabove y=xOH otolith height of adultsOLJ otolith lenght of juvenesORL otolith rostral lengthproportionality of the otolith dimensions are constantTL = 10,632R9R = 0,9805TL = 9,382ORL - 4,2732R = 0,9543876543216050403020100OH height of adult otolithOLJ otolith length of juvenesOL otolith lengthORL otolith rostral lengthR9 dorsal radiusAnteriorculliculumOH, mmTL, cm0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7mmResults are in agegroupsOH = 1,2623OLJ - 0,2123R = 0,927700 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18. OH= 0,8248OL1,3048R = 0,9116OH = 0,8064ORL + 1,9359R = 0,9382OL, mmTL = 4,2463e0,3834OHR = 0,9819TL = 3,3334e0,5477OLR = 0,96211,0356OH > OL:OH=bOL+aabove y=xOH otolith height of adultsOLJ otolith lenght of juvenesORL otolith rostral lengthproportionality of the otolith dimensions are constantTL = 10,632R9R = 0,9805TL = 9,382ORL - 4,2732R = 0,9543876543216050403020100AnteriorculliculumOH, mmTL, cmOH height of adult otolithOLJ otolith length of juvenesOL otolith lengthORL otolith rostral lengthR9 dorsal radius0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7mmResults are in agegroupsOH = 1,2623OLJ - 0,2123R = 0,927700 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. Inside egg inshore outshore deep water, below 200 m development0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mmTraczyk, 2012; Traczyk, 2013Age group : 0 I II III IV V VI 20. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mmAge group : 0 I II III IV ~0.3 km/h ~ 0 . 9 km/h V VI 21. How do we know that the shape of otolith indicates the speed ofswimming? In comparison: faster species have them more flatterS. japonicusPs. georgianusfaster speciesTransverseplanemedian planemedian planeTransverseplane1 mm 1 mmData for speed of swimming (bikowski, 2008, Fuiman, 2002)21.3 km/h~1,6 km/h 22. The high otoliths inform about vertical stability needed for vertical migrations and for lifting with currents.Long otoliths of mackerel are sensitive on changes during swimming in the horizontal direction. Informationimportant in the fast swimming for far distances.Ps. georgianus1 mmrostrumTransverse planeone side incrementsChanges in thewidth incrementson R3, R11nucleus Y 0,000775 mmY 0,000276 mmnucleusOuter dorsal side 23. the shape of otolith is chageing among species of fish of differentdepth of livingCh. aceratusChannichthyidaeDeep water species M. holotrachysMacrouridaeshelves speciesTransverseplaneTransverseplane1 mm1 mmBody fish and otolith shape data (Hecht, 1987; Fischer, 1985; Grabowska, 2010; Traczyk, 1992) 24. the shape of otolith is chageing among species of fish of differentdepth of livingCh. aceratusDeep water species M. holotrachysMacrouridaeTransverseplaned e p t h1 mmBody fish and otolith shape data (Hecht, 1987; Fischer, 1985; Grabowska, 2010; Traczyk, 1992)Channichthyidaeshelves speciesTransverseplane1 mm_500 m_1200 m 25. Swimming depth is source of diversity in microstructure25and shape of the otolithTransverseplaneOtolith shape data Grabowska, 2010 26. 26C. aceratusproportions inversedDorsal margin R9 against the pressure doesnot rise, but increases ventral R11 in thedirection of pressure and most increase R3,7(pressure gradient = 0).M. carinatusdimensions ofradii: is small fordorsal part butlarge ventral forM. carinatus andvice wersa forChannichthyidae 27. Otolith shape differentiates pattern ofhigh energy swimming of mackerelScombrus japonicus ~21.3 km/hSquids 1-3 km/hpulsed swimming in squidsbikowski, 2008; Videler J.J., 1984Gosline, 1985 28. low energy swimming of icefish Channichthyidaeby using large pectoral finsfloating fish in the depths;The accuracy of vertical movements,are measured better by higher otolith.1 mmHigh, laterally flattened body having a great fins has about 20 times more resistance of the lateralthan the front and the current pressure on the concave side of curved body of flowing fishproduces a hydrodynamic force increasing speed of fish swimming forward. An asymmetricalshape with respect to the direction axis of swimming causes asymmetric flow, that createsdifferential pressure on opposite surfaces, and thus the driving force to forward.(Fuiman L, 2002; Anon, 2006)m i g r a t i o n 29. In lifting strategy and low-energy swimming of Ps. georgianus pectoralfins are moving their first rays as spars entailing the sheet of streamer.Forward with a minimum resistance of sheets fins flowing after trace ofthin first ray and back with a large opposition of all returning fin surface.Pectoral fins in the first phase of motion, horizontal spreading out to thefront and to the sides increase the horizontal plane of fish so keep, supportfish to float at required depth level.In the second phase the fins retractedhorizontally to the rear are pushing its allsurface on water and pushing fish forward.Also locomotor activity have a caudal finbut much smaller. Fin is bent on sidewayswith the body when fish is turning. Le Franois, 2014 30. Le Franois, 2014 31. Le Franois, 2014 32. Le Franois, 2014 33. Le Franois, 2014 34. Le Franois, 2014 35. Le Franois, 2014 36. Le Franois, 2014 37. low energy swimming of icefish Channichthyidaeby using large pectoral finsfloating fish in the depths;The accuracy of vertical movements,are measured better by higher otolith.1 mmHigh, laterally flattened body having a great fins has about 20 times more resistance of the lateralthan the front and the current pressure on the concave side of curved body of flowing fishproduces a hydrodynamic force increasing speed of fish swimming forward. An asymmetricalshape with respect to the direction axis of swimming causes asymmetric flow, that createsdifferential pressure on opposite surfaces, and thus the driving force to forward.(Fuiman L, 2002; Anon, 2006)m i g r a t i o n 38. 54L i f t i n g s t r a t e g ym i g r a t i o n 39. (abrowski, 2000)55The use of currents and the uplift force of fins.m i g r a t i o n(Le Franois, 2014; 2014a; PolarTrec, 2013; Detrich, 2012; (Walesby, 1982; Davison W., 1985; HARRISON, 1987; Twelves, 1972) Uve, 2008; Byrd, 2012) 40. High laterally flattened body takes over energy of sea current.An asymmetrical shape creates differential pressure onopposite surfaces, and thus the driving force to forward.V speed of the fish,Rh,c front resistRh,b side resist = 22 VFPFCFAEAnon, 2006Rh,c = 1,5 FAE aero-hydrodynamic force - the forceexerted on the body by the environment,which is the result of movement of the bodyrelative to the environment (gas or liquid).FC driving force, thrust (force of pressure induced by pressure of current exerted on the bodysurface area). Operates forward because of body shape an the resistance of the lateral is 20 timesgreater than the frontal; FP - drift force; viscosity force (friction at the surface of the body). 41. Fac tor s inc reas ing the for ce (Fa ,h ) ac t ing on the body .Force: Fa,h = kv2; power: Pa,h = kv3; 2Vcurrent 4FAEGrowing of latteral surfaces of fishbodyLarger, stronger ones are occurringcloser to the sea surface, where thecurrents are stronger withturbulences and eddys. Smaller fishso weaker live deeper where thecurrents are weaker and also inregions with weak currents,VFP2FAEFCRh,c = 1,5Anon, 2006Icefish have adaptation to cold water. Oneof them Ps. georgianus live and choosehabitat of sea currents so to exist in it, itadopt the shape of the body, fins and otolithsin liftting strategy of low-energy swimming 42. The smooth surface of the body increases the power of aero-hydrodynamic FA, HChannichthyidae have a smooth skin, without scales, allowing the feeling of eachparticle of the water flowing and gliding over the surface of the skin and reactaccordingly by deflection of the body, or by rearrangement positions of fins toreduce the resistance, to increase laminar flow and to eliminate turbulences. Lackof scales could be adopted as an adaptation of a low-energy swimming in coldstrong currents, for which in a warm water there is high energy swimming. Forexample. Salmon, trout, or mackerel. We can find that the lack of scales for icefishis treat as an adaptation to increase the respiration of skin. Jakobowski however,argues that such a view is wrong, because the scales are below the epidermis towhich oxygen diffuses and therefore scales do not interfere with the diffusion ofoxygen through the skin. Certainly scaleless increase skin smoothness. Jakubowski, 1971, 198258 43. The sensitivity and skin elasticity in the perception of the body bendingVFPFCFAERh,c = 1,5The bending body must always be tailored to the nature of the currents. Too big bow causes breakaway water streams from the surface of the body, for small bow quite similar paths and velocityof water particles on both sides of the odd fins causing a lack of hydrodynamic forces.When the stream of water on the side of after current detach and move disordered (turbulent), thiswill reduce the hydrodynamic forces. 44. The fins increase the smoothness and flow velocity of after currentside of the bodyFAERh,c = 1,5VAfter the first front dorsal fin and before the second dorsal fin creates the nozzle that accelerateswater flow on after currant side of second fin and body.Body shape as an indicator of the shape of otolith, because it results from thespeed of swimming and life strategy and that all adapted to environmentalconditions. This could be show by compare of species. 45. Body shape as an indicator of the shape of otolith,because it results from the speed of swimming and lifestrategy and that all adapted to environmentalconditions.This could be show by compare of species. 46. Ps. georgianus has greater body height than the C. gunnari andC. aceratus body highest, large headand jaws definespredator creates anarrow, pelvic fins largeeffective for verticalmigration. Longer,unpaired fins increasebody side resistance .body less high, but fins:anal and dorsal longer ,smaller head largerpectoral fins so largerhorizontal migrationsBody less high, but verylarge anal fin, dorsal andpectoral, so the greatesthorizontal migrations.The smallest headreduces front resisting62Data: Fisher, 1985 when swimming. 47. Data: Fisher, 1985; Traczyk, 2013, Parkes, 1990y = 0.2251x - 0.0242R = 0.9798cmy = 0.3985x0.9976R = 0.99712018161412108642015-30% SL SL, cm0 10 20 30 40 50 604038363432302826242220181614121086420C. gunnariC. aceratusC. aceratusC. gunnariC. gunnariC. aceratusPs. georgianusSL, cmNPs. georgianus0 10 20 30 40 50 60Ps. georgianus has greater body height than the C. gunnari and C. aceratus also haveshorter dorsal and anal fins in favor of head size andthe decline of swimming opportunities. Otoliths of Ps. georgianus like its body are high.Shape of otoliths (determined by microstructure) can show the process and direction ofgrowth of the body, which is a response to factors of surrounding marine environment.Increase of otoliths taking place outside the cell in endolymph suffers from it the samefactors of the marine environment reaching endolymph through the bones of the body.Therefore, the body and otoliths become a models of the fish growth as reader of sufferedenvironmental influences - to which fish during growth is adapting the otolith shape bychanges of microstructure of the otoliths, that are treat as indicators of fish behavior. 48. Ps. georgianus has a smaller range of occurrence but higher vertical migration than C. aceratusC. aceratus have longer otoliths and has a greater range of occurrence than Ps. georgianus.64Ps. georgianus, otolith height OH> otolith length OL, TL body lengthC. aceratus, OH< OL, TLData: Hecht, 1978 49. Ps. georgianus has smaller range of occurrence than the C. gunnari65Ps. georgianus, otolith height OH> otolith length OL, TL body lengthC. gunnari: OH < OLData: Hecht, 1978 50. 3OH/OTflattening 9y = 0.1585x + 1.715387654321032.521.51mackerelSL, cm0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16OH otolith heightOT otolith thicky = 0.2521x + 5.2326y = 0.0339x + 1.089898765432102.521.51OH/OTScale for mackerelSL, cm0 10 20 30 40 50Data: Traczyk, 2012 51. 987654321673OH/OTflattening 9y = 0.1585x + 1.715387654321032.521.51mackerelSL, cm0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16OH otolith heightOT otolith thicky = 0.2521x + 5.2326y = 0.0339x + 1.089802.521.51OH/OTScale for mackerelSL, cm0 10 20 30 40 50 52. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05 53. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05? 54. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05? 55. )) .2y ( A sin(i91x constTiiiR9=2,35 mm1590daysCh. aceratus, 45 cm SLS. Georgia , 29.III.1979hol 136, No 75OW=0,0247 gOH=3,44mmSP APC. aceratus body less high, but fins are longer.Additional centers, AP are also available in otoliths ofC. aceratus.. They give however a lower elongationthan the radius R9 of Ps. georgianus. Dorsal edge forotolith of older fish of Ps. georgianus grows morestrongly than in otoliths of C. aceratus..Otoliths of greater length than height indicate agreater range and speed of swimming. This confirmsthe elongated shape of the body with less weight Asotoliths of C. aceratus are not high, so height of theirbody is reduced. Data: Traczyk, 1992; 2014 56. Realization various opportunities of swimming arising from variousconstructions of body that are adapted to the best use of differenthabitats of environment allows the perception of this swimming byotolith recording it with appropriate shape.Traczyk, 2013; Traczyk, 1992; Fischer, 1985Otoliths of C. aceratus are longer than hights.In otoliths of C. aceratus proportion: lengthwith respect to height is reversed. Ps.georgianus are smaller, TLy = 1.0484x1.1338R = 0.9877OH, mmy = 0.8064x + 1.9359R = 0.9382y = 0.9743x0.9426R = 0.991876543210OH Ps. georgianusORL Ps. georgianusOH C. aceratusOL, mm0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7TL, cmy = 6.6517e0.9547xR = 0.9889y = 6.7436e0.4989xR = 0.9909y = 7.3835e0.424xR = 0.9718706050403020100~OLPs. georgianusOH Ps. georgianusOL Ps. georgianusR9 Ps. georgianusOH C. aceratusOL C. aceratusR9 C. aceratusmmC. aceratus0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 57. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05 58. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05? 59. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05? 60. Otoliths Height is less than Otolith Length, indicating a wider occurrence andgreater speed of swimming. It confirms the elongated body with a lower height.Otoliths C. gunnari nearly square, two times smaller than otoliths Ps. georgianus.TL, cmy = 9.5723x1.2236180R = 0.98431,52,5y = 8.6308x1.2495R = 0.9848y = 21.245x1.2292R = 0.98686050403020100OH Ps. georgianusOL Ps. georgianusR9 Ps. georgianusOH C. gunnariOL C. gunnariR9 C. gunnari0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7mmOL > OH1,07 : 16,415,3TL, cm2427,83445 5035y = 0.92x1.0199R = 0.9979y = 0.4834x1.0103R = 0.985943.532.521.510.50mmOL, otolith length [mm]0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Data: Hecht, 1978;Traczyk, 2013; 2014 61. R9=0,046 mm, 48 daysR9=2,35mm1590daysThe otoliths shape of larvae is similar to an oval onmedian plane and flattened on the transverse planeto reduce resistance. The biggest flattened otolithhas C. gunnari so it swims the fastest andfarthest. Older fish swim faster, so flatteningof its otoliths increases.C. aceratus, 45 cm SLS. Georgia , 29.III.1979hol. 136, s. 75OW=0,0247 g. OH=3,44 mmAPSPData: Traczyk, 20130.1 mmC. gunnari - otolith most flattened 62. R9=0,046 mm, 48 daysR9=2,35mm1590daysThe otoliths shape of larvae is similar to an oval onmedian plane and flattened on the transverse planeto reduce resistance. The biggest flattened otolithhas C. gunnari so it swims the fastest andfarthest. Older fish swim faster, so flatteningof its otoliths increases.C. aceratus, 45 cm SLS. Georgia , 29.III.1979hol. 136, s. 75OW=0,0247 g. OH=3,44 mmAPSPData: Traczyk, 20130.1 mmC. gunnari - otolith most flattened 63. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05? 64. S.Georgia I.Shag RockS.Sandwich I.S. Orkney I.Elephan I.K.George I.DeceptionPalmer A.Known catch location of fish:Ps. georgianus: 0-475 m; 53S-66SS. Sandwich I. Germany 1975/76; 1980/81Kerguelen I. Australia 2003/04BallenyKerguelen I.Bouvet I.Heard I.Ch. aceratus: 5-770 m; 53S-65SCh. gunnari : 0-700 m; 48S-66SUnusual catch location of Ps. georgianusBalleny I. Russia 2004/05? 65. 81cited works and the materials used is in extended versions of this file shared on line17 minutes film:otolith_shape_icefish.wmvhttp://youtu.be/MBdWPYcn-0Uhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-QIBKvRn8b1enhaX242OXVqelU/view?usp=sharinghttp://www.slideshare.net/ryszardtraczyk/otolith-shape-icefishoriginal 1h version corrected with the quoted work and materials and same corrections (tekst on aseparate docx file):otolith shape short.ppsxhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-QIBKvRn8b1WWs5R2FHX3MxMmc/view?usp=sharingOtolith shape short.xpshttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-QIBKvRn8b1bllRTno2YmdoYzg/view?usp=sharingOtolith shape short.pptxhttp://www.slideshare.net/ryszardtraczyk/otolith-shapehttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-QIBKvRn8b1UkxhS01maFJoVUE/view?usp=sharingOtolith shape short.docx - bibliographyhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-QIBKvRn8b1eHJfVHlfUm9MOTQ/view?usp=sharing