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Crawford PhD Conference 2014
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OPEN SPATIAL DATA FOR
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Christina Griffin
WHAT IS SPATIAL DATA?
h"p://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/essen8als-‐of-‐geographic-‐informa8on-‐systems/sec8on_06_01.html
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
§ Response § Needs and impact.
§ Preparedness § Evacua8on plans.
§ Mi8ga8on and preven8on § Hazard maps and land-‐use planning.
By Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Disaster response, Indonesia) [CC-‐BY-‐2.0 (h"p://crea8vecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
h"p://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/community/community-‐safety/disasters-‐emergencies/types-‐disasters/flooding/understanding-‐your-‐flood-‐risk/flood-‐awareness-‐map-‐guides
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MANUS
NEWIRELAND
EASTNEW
BRITAINWESTNEW
BRITAIN
WESTSEPIK
EASTSEPIK
MADANG
MOROBE
WESTERN
SOUTHERNHIGHLANDS
ENGA WESTERNHIGHLANDS
CHIMBUEASTERNHIGHLANDS
GULF
CENTRAL
NORTHERN
MILNEBAY
BOUGAINVILLE
Port
Moresby
Lae
Madang
Goroka
Mount
Hagen
Popondetta
Rabaul
Kimbe
St. Andrew Strait
Bam
Manam
Karkar
Long Island
Ritter Island Langila
Rabaul
Lolobau
UlawunBamus
KaraiPago
Garbuna Group
LamingtonVictory
Waiowa
Bagana
Honiara
AUS TRAL I A
INDONESIA
HONIARA
P A P U A
N E W G U I N E A
SOL OMONI S LAND S
Issued: 01 March, 2011
Cyclone Season: Nov to AprPeak month: February
Seismic, Volcanic and Tropical Storm Risk
C o r a l S e a
G u l f o fP a p u a
B i s m a r c k S e a
S o l o m o n S e a 0 150 300
Kilometers
Legend
!!!\ OCHA office or presence
!\ Country capital
!( Major town or city
# Holocene volcano
International boundary
Province boundary
Tsunami Hazards! ! Storm surge! ! Tsunami! ! Tsunami and Storm surge
Earthquake Intensity
Modified Mercalli Scale
Degree I-V
Degree VI
Degree VII
Degree VIII
Degree IX-XII
Tropical Storm Intensity
Saffir-Simpson Scale
One: 118-153 kmh
Two: 154-177 kmh
Three: 178-209 kmh
Four: 210-249 kmh
Five: 250+ kmh
Map data source(s):UN Cartographic Section, Global Discovery, PNGNational Statistical Office, Smithsonian Institute,Pacific Disaster Center, UNISYS, Munich ReinsuranceGroup
Disclaimers:The boundaries and names shown and thedesignations used on this map do not imply officialendorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
All Natural Hazard RisksThe bar chart shows the degree of exposure to natural hazards andthe percentage of area affected (per country). Tsunami and stormsurges are a threat to coastal regions, particularly gulfs, bays, andestuaries. The flood hazard results from river floods and torrentialrain. The hazard of dryness and drought is caused by major deviationsfrom the normal amounts of precipitation. The frost hazard dependson the elevation and the latitude.
(c) 2009, Munich Reinsurance Company, Munich Re Geo RisksResearch Department
Map Doc Name:OCHA_PNG_Hazard_v4_110606
Creation Date:Projection/Datum:Web Resources:
22 March 2011Behrmann/WGS84
http://ochaonline.un.org/roap
h"p://www.unocha.org/roap/maps-‐graphics/na8onal-‐hazard-‐maps
OPEN SPATIAL DATA § Crowd sourcing principle:
§ A collec8ve group of individuals can solve a problem be"er or equal to an expert.
§ Wikipedia (Giles, 2005). § Asserted rather than authorita,ve data (Goodchild and
Glennon, 2010).
§ ‘Given enough eyeballs all bugs are shallow’ (Raymond, 1999).
§ ‘Public accountability’ (Gao et al, 2011).
CROWD SOURCING IN A CRISIS
§ Mobile phone GPS (Chang et al., 2014). § Social media § Email § Foursquare § Ushahidi – Hai8 Crisis Map (Merchant et al.,
2011).
TravellerW INCREDIBLE standoff between pro-‐change and pro-‐Mubarak demos at Tahrir NOW #Egypt #jan25 h"p://twitpic.com/3vqkcp 13:40:49 (h"p://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/14/tahrir-‐square-‐tweet-‐egyp8an-‐uprising)
Ushahidi Crisis Map, Hai8 (Gao et al., 2011)
OPEN STREET MAP § Crowd sourced map of the world. § Anyone can download, create and make changes to the map.
§ Constantly upgraded. § Easily used with geographical informa8on systems (GIS).
§ www.openstreetmap.org
?
OSM FOR DRR § Ci8zen based mapping.
§ Community par8cipa8on
§ Can feed into other plajorms like Ushahidi.
§ Unmapped areas. § Hai8 earthquake § Jakarta’s administra8ve areas. § Con8ngency planning.
Mapping Jakarta’s administra6ve boundaries (source AIFDR, Australia Aid)
h"p://mapkibera.org/work/tools/
h"p://www.economist.com/news/interna8onal/21632520-‐rich-‐countries-‐are-‐deluged-‐data-‐developing-‐ones-‐are-‐suffering-‐drought
MAPS AND EBOLA
GOVERNMENT § Suppor8ng open access data and data sharing plajorms. § Supplying expert data in a useable, downloadable and raw data format.
§ Open Geospa8al Consor8um. § Access data previously unavailable. § Re-‐thinking role of the state in early warning and response (Rodriguez et al., 2007). § Public par8cipa8on.
ACADEMIA § Cost effec8ve. § Easily accessed. § Can contribute to maps:
§ Localised studies can contribute to a global map.
Java
Bing Satellite
POTENTIAL ISSUES § Data quality – ‘expert replaced by GPS user with no exper8se’ (Goodchild and Glennon 2010). § Data standards and specifica8ons, Google Maps Datum? (Goodchild, 2007).
§ False informa8on (Goodchild, 2007). § Mapping enthusiasts vs. genuine community involvement (Zook et al., 2010).
§ People lep off the map (Zook et al., 2010).
BENEFITS § Real 8me data (Merchant et al., 2011). § Greater coverage.
§ Some8mes only data available (i.e. Hai8 earthquake, Ebola in Liberia, Kibera Nairobi).
§ Cost. § Ci8zen par8cipa8on (Merchant et al., 2011).
REFERENCES Gao, H. and Barbier, G.,and Glsby, R. (2011) Harnessing the Crowd Sourcing Power of Social Media for Disaster Relief. IEEE Computer Society, 1541-‐1672 (11), 10-‐14. Giles, J., (2005). Special report: internet encyclopaedias go head to head. Nature, 438, 900-‐901 Goodchild, M.F. (2007). Ci8zens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. Geojournal, 69, 211-‐221. Goodchild, M.F. and Glennon, A.(2010) Crowdsourcing geographic informa8on for disaster response: a research fron8er. Interna,onal Journal of Digital Earth, 3(3), 231-‐241. Merchant, R.M., Elmer, S. and Lurie, N. (2014). Integrag8ng Social Media into Emergency-‐Preparedness Efforts. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365 (4), 289-‐291. Raymond, E. (1999). The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolu,onary. O’Reilly Media, Sebastapol. Rodriguez, H., Diaz, W., Santos, J. and Aguirre, B. (2007). “Communica8ng Risk and Uncertainty: Science, Technology and Disaster at the Crossroads.” Handbook of Disaster Research, H. Rodriguez, E. L. Quarantelli, and R. Dynes, (eds). Berlin: Springer, pp. 476-‐488. Zook, M. (2010). Volunteered Geographic Informa8on and Crowdsourcing Disaster Relief: A Case Study. World Medical and Health Policy, 2(2), 7-‐33.
USEFUL SITES www.openstreetmap.org www.qgis.org/en/site www.ushahidi.com www.mapkibera.org
