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Cities: Centres of disaster or beacons of hope?
Our urban problems and our urban solutions
Ingo Leusbrock
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Content
The problems of cities
The chances of cities
Linear vs. circular metabolism
How to achieve a circular metabolism? The USE contribution:
●Framework, guidelines, decision support
●Integration and combination of technologies
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Cities and their resource demand
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Development of energy consumption in the last 200 years
www.iea.org
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Peak Oil
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Phosphorus is a finite resource
..
Cordell et al, (2009), Global Environmental Change
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 20700
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40
60
80
100
Year
Available P resources (%)
2% growth
2.5% growth
3% growth
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Metals
Gordon et al. (2006). PNAS 103(5): 1209-1214
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Water scarcity
Gassert, F., M. Luck, M. Landis, P. Reig, and T. Shiao. 2013. “Aqueduct Global Maps 2.0.” Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available online at http://wri.org/publication/aqueduct-global-maps-20.
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Current “Waste Management”
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Predictions for 2025
1.8 billion people live in countries with an absolute water shortage (UN, 2007)
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Pollution
Aluminum wastewater spill in Hungary
Deepwater Horizon oil spill,Gulf of Mexico
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Air pollution
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Climate Change
Temperature and climate changes
●Hotter, colder, less rain, more rain...
More extreme weather events
Changes in composition of the oceans
Sea level rise
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Long-term prediction salination of coastal areas
Licht blauwe kuststroken: Regions with increased salination due
to sea level rise
Light blue areas
W A T E R N E X U S
15W A T E R N E X U S
16W A T E R N E X U S
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Population growth und urbanization
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Urbanization
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Regional differences
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Global level of urbanization
• 52 % in 2011
• 67 % in 2050
(United Nations, 2012) stashpocket.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/nairo
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The consequences
© W
acke
rnag
el, M
athi
s
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Our footprintTo
n/p
ers
on -
year
~5000 years ~200 years
(Brunner and Rechberger, 2002)
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Current state of our urbanized world
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Cities: beacons of hope
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Cities: beacons of hope
Density = solutions and potential
Unused potential for supply, recovery and production
Unused potential in terms of ambitious people
●Self-sufficiency as motivation
Local technical / socio-technological solutions possible
●Balance between small scale / large scale and centralized / decentralized solutions
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Our vision of future cities
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Circular metabolism
Closed resource cycles
Self-sufficient
Sustainable
●Technical / Environmental
●Social
●Economical
Synergy between humans and ecosystems
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How to achieve?
Frameworks, Guidelines, Decision Support tools
●Urban Harvest
●Cradle to Cradle (C2C)
Integration and combination of technologies
●Greenhouse Village
●Sneek I + II
●Malmo Western Harbour
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Urban Harvest
A framework to organize your ideas to improve water cycles
A tool to quantify and compare your different ideas for water cycles
A tool to quantify urban water flows in high temporal and spatial resolution
“You cannot manage what you do not know”
External Input
Multisource(e.g. rain)
Consumption
Cascading and reuse
Recycle and storage
Export of waste
Export of secondary resources (e.g. nutrients)
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Elements of Urban Harvest
External Input
Multisource(e.g. rain)
Consumption
Cascading and reuse
Recycle and storage
Export of waste
Export of secondary resources (e.g. nutrients)
Agudelo, C. M.; Mels, A. R.; Keesman, K. J.; Rijnaarts, H. H. M., The urban harvest approach as an aid for sustainable urban resource planning. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012, 16, (6), 839-850.
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The three steps of the Urban Harvest Approach (UHA)
I. minimizing water demand
● water saving measures
II. maximizing water re-use and minimizing outputs
● cascading and recycling of used water streams
III.multi-sourcing of alternative water sources
● Rain
● Brackish and salt water, atmospheric water
Baseline assessment as starting point
Agudelo, C. M.; Mels, A. R.; Keesman, K. J.; Rijnaarts, H. H. M., The urban harvest approach as an aid for sustainable urban resource planning. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2012, 16, (6), 839-850.
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Evaluation of the water cycle on city scale:Baseline
Agudelo, C. M., Dynamic water resource management for achieving self-sufficiency of cities of tomorrow. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 2012.
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Evaluation of the water cycle on city scale:after water saving measures
Agudelo, C. M., Dynamic water resource management for achieving self-sufficiency of cities of tomorrow. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 2012.
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Extension to energy cycles and temporal variations
Lieberg, Karla; Improving energy self-sufficiency in building blocksusing the Urban Harvest Approach, MSc thesis, 2014
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Cradle to Cradle
Design concept
C2C principles
●Waste equals Food!
●Use current solar income!
●Celebrate Diversity!
http://epea-hamburg.org/en/content/nutrient-cycles
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Cradle to Cradle
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Industrial Ecology
Industrial operations = natural systems within constraints of local ecosystems and biosphere
●Dynamics and principles of ecosystems as guides in design and management of industrial systems
●High energy and materials efficiencies in production, use, recycling and service will generate competitive advantage and economic benefits
●Network of exchanged resource streams
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Example of Industrial Ecology: Kalundborg, Denmark
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Integration and combination of technologies
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Greenhouse Village
Combination of New Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Storage and Adv. Agriculture
www.zonneterp.nl
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Sneek, the Netherlands: New Sanitation
• Separation of (Waste)water streams at source
• First 32 (phase I), now (II) >200 households
• Vacuum toilets + kitchen grinders
• Benefits:
• Biogas
• Water saving
• Nutrient recovery
4242
Sneek I: 32 houses
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Sneek II: Neigbourhood level
• Example in Sneek, The Netherlands• 230 households on vacuum toilets; greywater treatment;
grinded kitchen waste
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Prototype vacuum kitchen grinder
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Up-scaling Sneek I – Sneek II 250 houses
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Sneek process
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Beddington, London, UK
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Beddington, London, UK
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Western Harbor, Malmo, Sweden
Western Harbor 175 ha
●Bo01 (the actual site) 25 ha
Former shipyard and wharf area
●Closed during the mid-80’s
●Unemployment and urban degradation
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Applied technologies
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Urban System Engineering
Grietje Zeeman
Ingo Leusbrock
@leusbrocki
For more information:
http://bit.ly/1irbfr8
External Input
Multisource
Consump-tion
Cascading and reuse
Recycle and storage
Waste
Export
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Capita Selecta Urban Environmental Technology and Management ETE 50803
Individual review paper (+/- 3000 words) on a topic of their choice related to the introductory lecture and the field visits.
Use a specific field trip or multiple visits
If in doubt, do not hesitate to discuss your topic with K. Kujawa-Roeleveld before/after the study trip
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Capita Selecta Urban Environmental Technology and Management ETE 50803
Paper structure
Introduction to the topic
Short literature review
Description of experiences incl. on-site discussions from the visit(s)
Critical reflection and discussion (use also literature)
Conclusion
Reference list
