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THE ‘HYDROGEN PEROXIDE METHOD’From lab scale to full scale, new developments
and perspectives
U.S. Algal Toxin Conference 2016, Akron Ohio
Geert WijnArcadis NLMay 11 2016
© Arcadis 2016
Content
Introduction
The Achilles heel of Cyanobacteria: Hydrogen peroxide?
Scaling up: From lab to full scale
Research Projects 2009 – 2015
How did we do it?
Regulatory aspects
The Future: Extend and improve our method
© Arcadis 2016
IN-SITU SOIL REMEDIATION
IN-SITU TREATMENT SYSTEMS
BLUE ALGAE TREATMENT
GEERT WIJNSenior specialist
Summary 22 years environmental contracting business
5 yrs BioSoil, Biological Soil remediation 7 yrs A&G Environmental Technology 10 yrs Arcadis InSitu, Soil and ground water remediation
Arcadis Consultant and contractor(!)
Sector Europe North
Business Line Environment
Value Proposition Environmental Construction Services
7 years in water business with Blue algae treatment
© Arcadis 2016
HANS MATTHIJS
PETRA VISSER
JEF HUISMAN
Team University of Amsterdam
© Arcadis 2016
In Memoriam Hans Matthijs (1951 - 2016)
The Achilles heel of Cyanobacteria?
© Arcadis 2016
Selective killing of cyanobacteria
Drabkova, Matthijs, Admiraal and Marsalek, 2007
Research by University of Amsterdam
Cyanobacteria appeared 5-10 times more sensitive to H2O2 than green algae
© Arcadis 2016
HP breaks down in 1-2 days (2H2O22H20 + O2)
Microcystins break down in 1-2 days (!)
Cyanobacteria are a lot more sensitive for HP (Drabkova et al., 2007)
Selective killing of cyanobacteria, other phytoplankton are hardly affected. Cyanobacteria appeared 5-10 times more sensitive to H2O2 than green algae in lab tests.
Effective in very low concentration: equal to a 3% solution (used for mouth rinsing) diluted 15.000x
Effects on fish and aquatic plants haven’t been expected: treatment with a 15 fold higher concentration is a common method in aquaria
Fast, selective and environmentally safe!
A chemical in open water?
© Arcadis 2016
Toxic algae blooms are an increasing problem in the Dutch surface water. Various organizations are interested in our method. In general, organizations who are responsible for water quality, but for different reasons:
Recreational entrepreneurs
Drinking water industry
Water managers
Municipalities
Food Industry
Increasing problem
From lab tests to field study
© Arcadis 2016
Proof of Principle
Surface area 12 ha
Phosphate concentration 0.1 mg P/L
Since 2007: Planktothrix agardhii dominated
Lake was often closed for recreation
Lake Koetshuis, Veendam
© Arcadis 2016
Method 8 enclosures 0, 2, 4, 6 mg/l (duplicate)
Results 2 mg/l is sufficient! Matthijs et al., 2012.
Step 1: Enclosures
© Arcadis 2016
Step 2: Whole lake Strong decrease of
cyanobacteria
Microcystins rapidly degraded
Remedy lasts for several weeks
Research projects 2009 – 2015
© Arcadis 2016
Site Year Surface (ha) volume (m3) Type of Water Cyanobacteria
Lake Koetshuis 2009 12,0 240.000 swimming lake Planktothrix, Woronichinia
Lake Koetshuis 2010 12,0 240.000 swimming lake Planktothrix, Woronichinia
Born 2009 0,2 3.000 city pond Microcystis
Lake Veer 2009 10,0 450.000 swimming lake Planktothrix
Lake Kotermeerstal 2011 16,0 1.920.000 swimming lake Aphanizomenon, Anabaena
Ouwerkerk 2012 8,5 456.800 Creeks, canal, pond dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii
Troelstraweg 2015 0,6 12.850 city pond Woronichinia
Lake Krabbe 2015 3,0 52.500 swimming lake Aphanizomenon
Lake Delftse Hout 2015 23,5 705.000 swimming lake Anabeana
Reservoir ‘De Grote Rug’ 2015 60,0 3.300.000 drinking water
basin Microcytis
Research projects 2009 - 2015
© Arcadis 2016
Alexandrium (D)-99,9%
Mussels saved
Pla/Wor-99,9%7 weeks
Aphanizomenon-95%
Season
Ana/Aph-99,7%/-97,3%
6 weeks
Microcystis-95%
Full Intake
Microcystis -98%
>4 weeks
Wor/Pla/Mic/Ana-92%
2 days!
Aphanothece/Wor -95%/-33%
8 weeks=Season
Pla-99,8%Season
Swimming waterCity pondDrinking water
Food production
© Arcadis 2016
Treatment time 1 – 2 days
HP disappeared within 2 days
Toxins are not always produced/present by toxic algae
No effects on higher biota (including macrofauna) observed at low H2O2 concentrations
Temporarily effects on zooplankton measured (diversity & motility) – population recovered within 8 days
Population of cyanobacteria suppressed for at least 6 weeks, up to a whole summer season (regarding Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix & Microcystis)
Results and effect strongly depends on site specific conditions
In general
How did we do it?
© Arcadis 2016
Boat from local fire brigade
Custom made pump and dosing system ’water harrow’ installed on site
Fixed depth at 2 m, width approx. 5 m
Equal distribution in full water column
HP Storage in cubic container
GPS system onboard
For max. 20 ha
Low speed
Prototype 2009 - 2011
© Arcadis 2016
Large HP stock and dosing unit on board and tow boat
Adaptable harrow in depth (6 m) and width (6 m)
GPS
Low speed, large volumes
Small lakes
Used for Alexandrium ostenfeldii treatment
Pontoon
Successful saving of mussel production threatened with
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning due to Saxitoxines
© Arcadis 2016
Aluminium ProWorker
Adaptable harrow in depth and width
7,5 m width and 6 m depth
HP storage build in
GPS and depth sonar
Up to 100 ha
High speed
Spray for scum
The ‘Hans Matthijs’
Successfully cleaning of 60 ha drinking water reservoir
© Arcadis 2016
Equipment - Storage Double walled
containers
Pontoon for off shore refilling
© Arcadis 2016
Fencing
Signs
Toolbox meeting
Personal protection
HAZOP and CE
Health & Safety
© Arcadis 2016
Treatment time/cruising speed/engine power
Stability and balancing the load
Stock storage and refilling
Accessibility of stock
Treatment depth and dosing speed
Structures, lines, aquatic flowers
Mobilizing and demobilizing boat and pontoon
It is a job for skilled technicians with professional equipment!
Also to keep in mind…
© Arcadis 2016
With current vessel
<100 hectare (250 acres)
<6 m depth
Highly impacted and ‘matured’ blooms e.g. small ponds
Potential resistance of some types?
Treatment time
Permit: Only available in The Netherlands
LimitationsYes! It is still not the silver bullet!
H2O2
Regulatory Aspects
© Arcadis 2016
Applying chemicals in surface waters in Europa is regulated by European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) in the Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR)
Arcadis is the only organization licensed by CTGB (Dutch partner ECHA) to apply H2O2 in surface waters in the Netherlands
Application of hydrogen peroxide is allowed for conducting experiments or trials
Experiments by University of Amsterdam, execution by Arcadis
Basic monitoring:
Phytoplankton Zooplankton Toxins Abiotic water quality Supervision
Under research: Apply for product authorization
Approved biocide?
More research
© Arcadis 2016
Extend and improve our method
Applicability for different types of cyanobacteria
Early application: Develop a new method to suppress the springtime recruitment of cyanobacteria from lake sediments with a slow-release peroxide formulation.
P-reduction: Harvesting of the floating biomass of lysing Microcystis cells as a cost-effective and non-invasive alternative for existing P-reduction programs
Hidden risks (such as adaptation and change in toxicity)
Biodegradation/chemical oxidation of cyanotoxins released from lysing cells
Multiple lake treatments in the coming years (approx. 7 for 2016)
Recent potential new lakes for this program:
1 ha swimming lake nearby Nantes (France) 100 ha recreational area in The Netherlands (Rotterdam)
4 years of research is about to start!
Wrap-up
© Arcadis 2016
Very low and (environmentally) safe hydrogen peroxide concentrations
Selective killing of cyanobacteria
0,2 – 60 ha treated, up to 100 ha possible (with current technology)
10 sites treated since 2009
Treatment by trained and experienced technicians with safe and professional equipment
Arcadis is licensed by CTGB (Dutch partner European Chemicals Agency) to apply H2O2 in surface waters in NL (for research projects)
4 – >>8 weeks of proven effect after treatment. Depends on site specific conditions
UvA and Arcadis: A solid research combination for a very promising algaecide
Fundamental questions still remain unsolved: The limits of the ‘hydrogen peroxide’ method haven’t been reached
Wrap-up
© Arcadis 2016
Soon available in the US?
© Arcadis 2016
WHO TO CONTACT?GEERT WIJNSenior specialist
Arcadis Europe NorthConstruction Services+31 64667260Arnhem [email protected]
RENEE TALENSCommercial manager/senior consultant water
Arcadis Europe North Watermanagement & Landscape +31 627060141Arnhem, [email protected]
JASPER ARNTZConsultant watermanagement & ecology
Arcadis Europe NorthWatermanagement & Landcape+31 646036504Den Bosch, [email protected]
PETRA VISSERAssistant Professor,Aquatic Microbiology
University of AmsterdamFaculty of Science+31 0205257073Amsterdam, [email protected]
© Arcadis 2016
© Arcadis 2016
Arcadis.Improving quality of life.