ByBABATUNDE OLOWOOKEREPRINCIPAL PLANNING OFFICER,NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY (NEMA)SOUTH WEST ZONE 08052952877| olowokere.babatunde@nema.gov.ng

Pollution and it's Effects on Human Health

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

1. Definitions and Background2. Types of Pollutions3. Categories of Pollutants4. Link between Health risk and Pollution 5. Conclusion6. Recommdation7. Reference

8. Link between the Pollution and Human Health

Objectives and Expectations

To identify the effects on human health of air, water, and soil pollution.To explain how human practices affect the quality of the water and soil.To describe how indoor pollutants might affect human health.

Definition

Pollution

Source: Merriam – Webster Online Dictionary

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.

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Pollutants Anything, living or non-living or any physical agent (e.g. heat, sound etc.), that in its excess makes any part of the environment undesirable. Substances such as Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, uncontained radioactivity etc, withpotential to cause health risk.

Classification of Pollutant

Pollutants can be classified as degradable eg. domestic

sewage,discarded vegetable

slowly degradable eg. Pesticides and most plastic

non-degradable eg toxic elements like lead or mercury, and nuclear wastes.

Definition - cont

ContaminationIs the presence of unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in a material, physical body, natural environment, workplace etc. Pandemic outbreak of a disease that affects an exceptionally high portion of a population and occurs over a very large geographic area

Epidemic Refers to the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group.EpidemicThe unusual occurrence in a community of disease or health related events clearly in excess of expected occurrence

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Health Health is a state of complete

physical, mental and social well- being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity . Source: WHO, 2006

In addition there are other dimensions of health that are not considered: psychological Emotional Sexual Spiritual (Ewles and Simnett, 2003)

Health Risk usually depends on many factors: it could be as result of number of Natural or Anthropogenic activities.

Definition – cont.

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DISASTER MANAGEMENTDisaster Management is the coordination and integration of all activities necessary to build, sustain and improve the capability for disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.

Definition - cont

TYPES OF POLLUTIONPollution are categorized based on the part of the environment which they affect or result which the particular pollution causes. Types of pollution are: Water pollution Air pollution Soil pollution Thermal pollution Radioactive pollution Noise pollution Light pollution

WATER POLLUTIONWater pollution is the type of pollution that involves the contamination of various water bodies.Common waterway pollutants

SedimentsNutrients

These substances wash into waterways from farmlands, animal feeding facilities, construction sites, and other areas where the ground is disturbed

Water Pollution Cont. wastewater (Effluent) from factories and refineries that is released directly into urban water supplies

Why is effluent a concern in waterways?

• May contain harmful by-products of manufacturing processesExample: washing of solvents in drainage

systems• May be in the form of heated wastewater

from industryExample: raising the temperature of aquatic

systems

SEWAGEpolluted water that contains human waste, garbage, and other household wastewater

AIR POLLUTION The contamination of air present in atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentration s to be harmful.

Causes of air pollution• Natural

Example: forest fires• Human Activities

Example: combustion of fossil fuels as energy

Major sources of air pollution remain industrial processes and motor vehicles

Common air pollutants Ozone (O3) – protects earth from UV rad

• Found in Earth’s upper (tropospheric )and lower (stratospheric) atmosphere

Lower atmospherePollutant that can cause (chronic) respiratory tract infections, eye irritation, coughing, shortness of breath, nausea, wheezing, and headaches

Upper atmosphereProtects Earth from harmful solar radiation

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) in aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone causing holes to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth.

Common air pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• Colorless, odorless gas• Formed from the incomplete

combustion of fuels• Commonly found in automobile and

industrial emissions• Exposure to carbon monoxide includes

symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms at low levels

• Exposure to carbon monoxide includes symptoms such as impaired vision and hearing, problems with fine motor skills, and lack of concentration at moderate to high levels

Common air pollutants Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

• Formed from the burning of coal containing pyrite, that combines with oxygen in the atmosphere

• Exposure to moisture in the atmosphere produces sulfuric acid (acid rain)

• Exposure to sulfur dioxide includes symptoms such as respiratory illnesses, decreased lung functions, and aggravation of existing heart disease

Common air pollutants Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

• Formed from the burning of fuels• Common component of smog (smoke and fog)• Commonly found in industrial areas and areas with

a high concentration of motor vehicles• Exposure to nitrogen dioxide includes symptoms

such as eye irritation, stuffy nose, coughing, sore throat, lung inflammation, and various illnesses of the human respiratory system

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OBJECTIVES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Minimise loss Timely, appropriate response

Rapid and durable recovery

Pro-active approach Risk reduction Recover to reduced vulnerability

Concepts - cont

Water Transportation In Lagos State

Canoe

Ferry Outboard motor boat

Water transportation capacity of Lagos accounts for moving 1.5 to 1.6 million passengers monthly

Canoe/ Boat Mishaps Motor Boat Capsized at Ojo Area ……..23rd January, 2014Boat Mishap at Igbede on……. 10th February, 2014Canoe Capsized on a cannal at 4th Avenue, 42 Road, FESTA Town …… 11th March, 2014boat mishap in Ikorodu ……… 2nd April, 2014Boat Capsized around Bonny Camp……17th May, 2014Boat Mishap in Garafini- Kodo in Borgu LGA of Niger State … …..2nd June, 2014South Korea Ferry Disaster …...... 16th April, 2014

Causes of Mishaps/Accidents Overloading &Over- speeding of the Ferries or boatsUse of Alcohol and drugs by operatorsBoats or Ferries not properly built, maintained, equipped, crewedLack of communication (alerting/location)Sudden Hazardous Weather

Safety MeasuresSafe speed (speed Limit)Drive slowly in rain, fog, mist, smoke or glare (visibility)Slow down in shallow areas or unfamiliar waterway (Navigation hazards)All operators and passengers must wear Life Jackets………. Personal Flotation Devices (PFD)Ferries/ motorboats must carry on board approved fire extinguisherHazardous Weather NotificationEmergency ResponseCommunication- Alerting/ LocationRescue/ Assistance resourcesKnowledgeable Passengers

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