Basic Concepts of Environmental Pollution

Welcome to our presentation

Air Pollution

Situation of air& EARTH

AI LLUI NPO OR

Present Scenario

No body cares about environment.

Categories of Air Pollutant

Sources of Air Toxics Stationary (Industry)Mobile ( Car)

Hey, see the Six criteria air

pollutants sets by EPA.

History of Acid RainAcid RainAcid Rain

•First observed in the mid 19th century•some people noticed that forests located downwind of large industrial areas showed signs of deterioration•Robert Angus Smith an English scientist observed that acidic precipitation.•Rain water has a pH value of 5.6 because of the carbon dioxide from air dissolved in it .•Any rainfall has a PH value less than 5.6 is defined as acid rain.

Types of Acid Rain

Causes of Acid Rain

1. The emission of harmful gases from industrial power plants, factories, and vehicles.2. In particular, the burning of fuels, such as natural gas, coal, or even oil, releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen.3.The burning of gasoline and diesel in vehicles leads to building the amount of acidified water droplets in the atmosphere.

Effects of Acid Pollution• Degrade metal pipes, leading to

water pollution • Decrease ph of rivers, lakes, ponds.• Fish kills • Lungs / respiratory problems• Decrease soil ph (more acidic)• Plants become susceptible to disease, parasites.

Solution of Acid Rain

•Burning fuel/ coal•Scrubbers in chimneys •Use less transportation•Use less electrical appliances•Efficient emission standards•Public awareness

Green House Gas and Effect• Greenhouse gas is a gas that is

relatively transparent to solar radiation, but absorbs and emits in the infrared. The type of radiation the earth emits.

• Some examples:– Water vapor– Carbon dioxide– Nitrous oxide– Methane– Ozone– Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Earth With An Atmosphere That Includes Greenhouse GasesEarth With An Atmosphere That Includes Greenhouse Gases

(infrared)Greenhouse Gases Make the Earth Warmer by Slowing the Loss of Infrared Radiation.

Green house gas sources • Green house gas have some Anthropogenic Sources:• Carbon Dioxide: Fossil-fuel combustion, Land-use conversion,

Cement Production•  Methane: Fossil fuels, Rice paddies, Waste dumps• Nitrous Oxide: Fertilizer, Industrial processes, Combustion• Tropospheric Ozone: soil fuel combustion, Industrial emissions,

Chemical solvents.• CFC-12 :Liquid coolants, Foams • HCFC-22 :Refrigerants• Sulfur Hexafluoride: Dielectric fluid

The percentage (%) rate the incoming solar radiation

• A portion of the energy (26%) is reflected or scattered back to space

• 19% of the energy is absorbed by the clouds and gases like ozone

• 55%of the energy passing through the earth’s atmosphere

• 4% is reflected from the surface back to the space• on average about 51% of the sun’s radiation reaches the

surface.

What is Global Warming?Why Global warming alarming!

• Global warming is the rise in temperature of the earth's atmosphere.

• The atmosphere's made up of layers of gases, some of which are called 'greenhouse gases'. They're mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth.

• This lets some of the rays back out of the atmosphere, keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals, plants and humans to survive.

• So some global warming is good. But if extra greenhouse gases are made, the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earth's atmosphere. That's why global warming's bad (Alarming).

Consequences of Global Warming• If Earth gets hotter, some of the

important changes could happen:

1. Sea level rise2. Water resource change 3. Effects on agriculture4. Effects on air quality5. Impacts on human health6. Biodiversity

.

SMOG Types of SMOG

Industrial Smog Industrial Smog ((LondonLondon))

Photochemical Smog Photochemical Smog (Los Angeles)(Los Angeles)

Sources Of Industrial Smog

Combustion of coal and oil that contains sulfur

• Sulfur dioxide• Sulfur trioxide• Soot & ash• Sulfuric acid

Effects• Acid rain damage plants • Aquatic system• Metal & stone• Respiration problem of human

Sources Of Photochemical Smog

Effects• Ozone irritates eyes and plants• PANs damage plants & eyes • Eye, nose and throat irritations• Damage rubbers and fabrics

Control of Pollution

Ban smoking. Steps to minimize toxins from carpets, tiles,

stones etc. Have large windows to exchange air By burning low sulfur coal/remove sulfur from

coal. By replacing too old engines.

Pollution Control Equipment

Settling Chambers Cyclones Electrostatic Precipitators Vapor Condensers

Settling Chambers

Settling Chambers

Advantage*Primary cleaning equipment(cost is very low)

Disadvantage*Removing only large particles.

Cyclones

Cyclones

Advantage*Few moving parts, very low capital and operating cost.

Disadvantage*Fails to Control ultra fine particles

ESPs

ESPsAdvantage

*Removes very small particles, the removal efficiency is about 99% (percent)

Disadvantage*Requires electricity so operation cost is very high

Western countries has continued to improve over the past decades.

Developing countries have left air quality in many cities notoriously poor.

Estimated to cause 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year.

Air pollution come from particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3).

Excessive O3 exposure is known to increase respiratory morbidity.

In the U.S.,50,000 deaths per year and costs as much as $40 billion a year in health care and lost productivity.

Lakes, streams, and estuaries are dying because of acid rain.

In Bombay, simply breathing is equivalent to smoking half a pack of cigarettes a day.

Mexico City has been declared a hardship post for diplomats because of its unhealthy air. 

“Concern for human health led to the world's first control laws, air pollution poses an equally grave threat to the environment," said French.

Delhi, India.Patna, India.Gwalior, India.Raipur, India.Karachi, Pakistan.Peshawar, Pakistan.Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Khorramabad, Iran.Ahmadabad, India.Lucknow, India

Air pollution is a serious environmental health hazard affecting the populations of Bangladesh.

One of the major sources of air pollution in urban areas of Bangladesh is due to the unburned fuel from two stroke engine vehicles.

Dhaka has been rated as one of the most polluted cities of the world.

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