INTRODUCTION

• Earthquakes,• Avalanches,• Tsunamis,• Volcanoes,• Tornados.

EARTHQUAKE

EARTHQUAKE

• Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests.

• An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.

EARTHQUAKE

It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt.

EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 30 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 900 times (30 × 30) more energy than a 5.0 magnitude of earthquake. An 8.6 magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs that were used in World War II.

TURKEY’S EARTHQUAKE MAP

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Shaking and ground rupture,• Landslides and avalanches,• Fires,• Soil liquefaction,• Tsunami,• Floods,• Human impacts.

Soil Liquefaction

Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits.

Soil Liquefaction

Avalanche

Avalanche

• An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface.

• Most avalanches occur spontaneously during storms under increased load due to snowfall. The second largest cause of natural avalanches is metamorphic changes in the snowpack such as melting due to solar radiation. Other natural causes include rain, earthquakes, rockfall and icefall. Artificial triggers of avalanches include skiers, snowmobiles and controlled explosive works.

Avalanche

They can exceed speeds of 300 km/h and masses of 10,000,000 tones; their flows can travel long distances along flat valley bottoms and even uphill for short distances.

Tsunami

Tsunami

A tsunami (harbor wave) also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves in a body of water caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.

Tsunami

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

• With a magnitude of Mw 9.1–9.3, it is the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. The earthquake had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes.

• The tsunami waves reached heights of up to 30 meters.

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

This tsunami is among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

2011 Japan Tsunami

2011 Japan Tsunami

• The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku was a magnitude 9.0 undersea mega thrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 05:46 on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometers east of the Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 30 km.

• The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 meters.

2011 Japan Tsunami

• 15,891 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,584 people missing,

• 228,863 people living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation.

• 127,290 buildings totally collapsed, with a further 272,788 buildings 'half collapsed', and another 747,989 buildings partially damaged.

2011 Japan Tsunami

The tsunami caused nuclear accidents, primarily the level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant complex.

2011 Japan Tsunami

Every day 400 tons of water (polluted by nuclear) mix to water and soil.

VOLCANO

VOLCANO

A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

EFFECT OF VOLCANOES

• Volcanic gases,• Significant consequences,• Acid rain,• Hazards.

Significant Consequences

One proposed volcanic winter happened c. 70,000 years ago following the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra island in Indonesia. According to the theory to which some anthropologists and archeologists subscribe, it had global consequences, killing most humans then alive and creating a population bottleneck that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.

TORNADO

TORNADO

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. They are often referred to as twisters.

TORNADOMost tornadoes have wind

speeds less than 180 km/h are about 80 m across and travel several kilometers before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 480 km/h, stretch more than 3 km across, and stay on the ground for more than 100 km.