Treatment Methods

Ion ExchangeRadionuclide Removal Process

CompliantSoftened

Water

LoadedResin

LoadedResin

SaltBrineSalt

Brine

Sewer PipeSewer Pipe

ResinResin

Issues: Corrosion of piping & values Sodium in drinking water

Waste WaterTreatment Plant

Waste WaterTreatment Plant

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

ExhaustedResin

ExhaustedResin

Precipitation ofRadium Carbonatesand Radium Sulfates

Raw Water

LandLandApplicationApplication

LandLandApplicationApplication

OR

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

Waterways

WasteWaterWasteWater

Radionuclide+

Sludge

Radionuclide+

Sludge

Sewer PipeSewer Pipe

HMO Chemicals

PrecipitantFormed

PrecipitantFormed

RadiumHMO Precipitant

CompliantWater

FilterWaste Water

Treatment PlantWaste Water

Treatment Plant

RadiumLoaded

Filter

RadiumLoaded

Filter

~ 2 - 5% ofWater Treated for Backwash

Hydrous Manganese Oxide (HMO)

Radionuclide Removal Process

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

SpentFilterMedia

SpentFilterMedia

Raw Water

WasteWaterWasteWater

LandLandApplicationApplication

LandLandApplicationApplication

OR

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

AppropriateAppropriateLandfillLandfill

Waterways

Radionuclide+

Sludge

Radionuclide+

Sludge

CompliantWater

LoadedMedia

LoadedMedia

PartiallyLoadedMedia

PartiallyLoadedMedia

Licensed & PermittedDisposal Facility

Licensed & PermittedDisposal Facility

NewMedia

WRT’s Absorbent MediaRadionuclide Removal Process

Raw Water

Comparison of Radium Treatment TechnologiesZ-88™

Ion Exchange

Conventional Ion Exchange

HMOReverse Osmosis

Lime Softening

NSF Std.61 Certified for use in potable water

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Chemical Addition No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Liquid Waste Generated No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Changes in Other Water Quality Parameters

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Type of Operation Passive Active Active Active Active

Design ScaleIndividual

WellIndividual

WellIndividual

WellIndividual

WellCentralized

Location

Disposal of Radium Approved Landfill Sewer Sewer Sewer Land / Landfill

Combined Radium in Residuals

(13 pCi/L in source water)

1,200-2,000 pCi/g

100-2,000 pCi/L

5,000-15,000 pCi/g

25-150 pCi/L

10-20 pCi/g of sludge

Equipment / Media Ownership WRT Utility Utility Utility Utility

IDNS License Holder WRT ? ? ? ?

Guaranteed Performance Yes No No No No

Disposal Options

Disposal Optionsfor Water Treatment Plants

TreatmentResidualsTreatmentResiduals

SewerSewer

TreatmentProcess

TreatmentProcess

Waterways

LandfillLandfillLandfillLandfill

Raw Water

CompliantWater

USEPA Recommendations – Disposal of Water Treatment

Residuals < 5 pCi/g Unrestricted disposal 5 to 50 pCi/g Burial in local landfill

w/ cover requirements 50 to 2,000 pCi/L Burial in NORM facility > 2,000 pCi/L Burial in LLRW disposal

site

Disposal of Treatment Waste Removal of radionuclides in any process

generates a radioactive by-product. Most treatment methods dispose of

radionuclide waste to the sanitary sewer. WRT’s Radionuclide Removal Process

generates a solid, granular, low level TENORM* waste.

All handling, exchange, transportation and disposal of media is facilitated by WRT.

Disposal by WRT to a licensed facility.* Technically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material