VII. 2 DAC-EPOC JOINT TASK TEAM ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION

SPREP PRESENTATION “Strengthening risk management, transfer

and sharing at the national level”

OECD Joint DAC-EPOC Task team meeting in Paris on Climate Change and

Development Co-operation.

David Sheppard Director General 21 April , 2015

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

This presentation will

• Introduce the Pacific context and SPREP • Outline the risk from climate change in

the Pacific region • Outline key elements of risk

management and transfer at the national level

• Suggest implications for donors and partners

INTRODUCTION TO THE PACIFIC AND SPREP

EEZ Area

98%

Pacific

Island Land

Area 2%

ABOUT SPREP

• The Pacific regional agency for the environment – an issue of sustainable development in our region

• Lead agency in the region on: (i) climate change; (ii) biodiversity; (iii) waste management; and (iv) environmental governance

• Focus on strengthening partnerships and cooperation among Pacific Island countries & territories

• 26 member countries (21 Pacific Island countries & territories), 5 ‘metropolitan’ states (AU, NZ, FR, USA, UK)

• SPREP is fully accountable to member governments through an annual SPREP Meeting (SM)

25th SPREP Officials Meeting (2014)

ICC, Majuro, RMI

The Vision

Mandate – 1993 SPREP Agreement To promote co-operation in the Pacific region and

provide assistance in order to protect and improve its environment and to ensure

sustainable development for present and future generations

The Pacific environment, sustaining our livelihoods and natural heritage in harmony with

our cultures

The SPREP structure – from 2012

Climate Change

Adaption

Mitigation

Science & Policy

Biodiversity & Ecosystems

Coastal & Marine

Threatened Species

Invasive Species

Biodiversity

Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring

Governance

Planning

Waste & Pollution

Marine and Land

Pollution

Solid Waste

Hazardous Wastes

Corporate Services

Outreach

Information & IT

Finance

HR

RISK FROM CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PACIFIC

REGION

Climate Change risk in the Pacific

• Due to small size, isolation, small economies, and lack of capacity - Pacific countries are extremely vulnerable and highly exposed to the dangers of climate change and extreme weather events

• PICs contribute 0.03% of the world’s greenhouse gases but are in the climate “front line” – and will potentially be the first to disappear. Climate change is a matter of survival and national security

Climate Change risk in the Pacific • The IPCC has put emphasis on thresholds and has

given clear warning of unexpected or unpredictable consequences as well as “tipping-points”.

• The experience of small island communities in the face of climate change has borne all of this.

• For all small island countries, there is immediate danger, and climate change is causing serious damage now. It is not an event of the future.

What do we know and where do we want to be?

• Climate change is real

Climate impacts on coral reefs

At a temperature increase of 1.5 small islands will encounter severe climatic stresses – coral reefs will bleach

and eventually die at 2 degrees

Global mean temperature will increase in a variable manner so localised impacts may be more intense than just 2

degrees increase

Vulnerable sectors in Kiribati

Water resource security

Coasts Food

security Health

Bio-diversity

based resources

Social Dimension

NATIONAL SECURITY

KEY ELEMENTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT AND

TRANSFER AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL

Climate change risks impact development in the Pacific Region.

• Social, economic, political and environmental development goals will not be achieved in the region if climate change risks and impacts are not considered at all phases of the development process.

• This presentation will cover broad aspects of risk management in the Pacific region

KEY ELEMENTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT

(1) Build on experience

• There are major climate change adaptation projects in the Pacific region – PACC (SPREP/UNDP/GEF) and CCCPIR (GIZ/SPC/SPREP).

• These need to be continued and reinforced – we should not “reinvent the wheel”

14 PICTs Cook Islands Fiji FSM Nauru Niue Palau PNG Samoa Solomons Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu

Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change(PACC) the Model Project

SPREP & UNDP PACC Team with the Hon. Henry Puna, Cook Islands Prime Minister

PACIFIC ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

www.sprep.org/climate_change/pacc

PACC Solomon Islands – Food Security

Solomon Islands

Farming and water systems exposed to inundation by high tides, storm

surges and to changes in rainfall duration

PACC focus on introduction of new farming methods and different crop

varieties – work in Ontong Java in Malaita Province

VANUATU (EPI) – PACC SUPPORT FOR CLIMATE PROOFING OF INFRASTRUCTURE

DESIGN AND CLIMATE PROOFING OF ROADS AND AIRSTRIPS LINKING TO NATIONAL ROADING PLAN

KEY ELEMENTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT (2) EBA must be a key part of the solution • Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA) is critically important

in the Pacific region • CBA, such as in Lami City, Fiji, have shown the benefits

of EbA versus “hard” infrastructure approaches to cc adaptation and risk management

• Key elements include the protection of coastal mangrove vegetation and better management of ecosystems, including addressing key issues such as invasive species

26

2014 Signing with Government of Germany: “Natural Solutions to

Climate Change” Pacific Ecosystem-based Adaptation to Climate Change (PEBACC) Project

Signing with Parliamentary State Secretary Schwarzelühr-Sutter from the German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety

Nature Conservation and Protected Areas (NCPA) Framework

• Ecosystem based Adaptation in the Pacific region also links with key biodiversity frameworks such as the NCPA Framework adopted in 2013 and launched by CBD Executive Secretary at the SIDS Conference, Apia, 2014


(3) Link CCA and DRR

• Pacific region has integrated climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction at regional and national levels

• WHY? – many approaches are similar (e.g. climate proofing, EbA) and with our limited resources it makes sense to link these key areas

Integrated Approach for DRR and CCA

• Regional Integrated Approach for DRR and CCA from 2015 onwards

• “integration is a great opportunity for the region to deal with the impacts of climate change and disasters”

The PMC • The Pacific Meteorological Council

(PMC) is a specialized subsidiary body of SPREP, established in RMI in 2011 to facilitate and coordinate the scientific and technical programme and activities of the Regional Meteorological Services.

• Supported by the Pacific Meteorological Desk Partnership

• Guided by the Pacific Islands Meteorological Strategy (PIMS) 2012-2021


(3) Link CCA and DRR • At the national level JNAPs have been

prepared to integrate climate adaptation and DRR

• These build on and reinforce the NAP process and define priorities for adaptation, in the context of DRR, and mainstream CCA and DRR into national development plans and sectoral policies


(3) Link CCA and DRR

• The Pacific Climate Change Centre, with support from the Government of Japan will be a major initiative for integrating climate change and disaster risk reduction in the Pacific region – planning is staring this year with JICA


(4) Ensure use of best information and ensure it reaches key target audiences • There is considerable information available, and

the priority is making this available in a way that is relevant to key target audiences, including policy makers and local communities

• Recent work with WMO and the Government of Korea is strengthening climate modelling and predication

Collaboration with PACCSAP

• Making scientific research available and accessible

• Collaboration improved in communication science e.g. Climate Crab

• PCCSP and PACCSAP developed tools

• PACCSAP is in final stages and recommendation from PMC on climate science

Pacific Climate Change Portal http://www.pacificclimatechange.net/ • Key tool for knowledge management • Managed by SPREP on behalf of other CROPs • Essential for transfer and sharing of risk management

experience • Important to link to global initiatives such as the NAP

Global Network (Anne Hammill) • Information targeted at key levels – decision makers

to communities

FINPAC: Red Cross Signing

SPREP partnering with IRC on Government of Finland Pacific Climate Change Project linking with communities for capacity building outreach


(5) Improve donor and partner coordination • There are many donors and partners working in

the Pacific region on climate change • Mechanisms for improving coordination need to

be improved • A number of useful mechanisms exist in the Pacific

region including the DPCC and country based examples such as those in Choiseul province, Solomon Islands

Choiseul Integrated

Climate Change Programme

Choiseul Province, Solomon Islands


(6) Better ocean governance and management is needed • The Pacific is 98% ocean - management and sustainable

use of the Pacific ocean and marine resources is essential for the livelihoods of Pacific people

• Climate change has significant impacts on fisheries resources, including migration of key fish stocks

• Ocean acidification, if unchecked, are likely to have major adverse effects on marine ecosystems, including fish stocks.


(6) Loss and Damage (L&D) is a key aspect

• Pacific countries have supported AOSIS on establishing an international mechanism to address loss and damage from the adverse effects of climate change.

• Mechanism is proposed to sit under UNFCCC and have 3 mutually connected components


(6) L&D- Components of Loss and Damage

• An Insurance Component to help SIDS and other particularly vulnerable

developing countries manage financial risk from increasingly frequent and severe extreme weather events;

• A Rehabilitation Component to address the progressive negative impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise, increasing land and ocean temperatures, and ocean acidification; and

• A Risk Management Component to support and promote risk assessment and management tools and facilitate and inform the Insurance Component and Rehabilitation Component.

KEY ELEMENTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT (6) L&D - General • We need to understand what is required in countries to

properly establish a climate risk financing mechanism or structure, which would serve as the strategy for its financing and operation.

• Difficult to estimate at the outset the capital that may be needed to facilitate and support initiatives taken through the mechanism as a whole.

• The amount needed will depend upon how many of what products might be needed where, as well as the degree of subsidization that may be needed to make these tools most effective for the policy goals sought to be achieved.

RISK MANAGEMENT - INSURANCE

• The Pacific region is generally poorly insured - most PICs only legally require insurance for cars, most businesses undertake a form of self-insurance (savings, collateral)

• Mutual support in the face of disasters is a form of risk transfer and risk sharing. This also occurs at the State level, as shown by the assistance offered by Pacific Island Countries to Vanuatu and Tuvalu in the aftermath of Cyclone Pam.

• Increasing frequency of natural disasters make premiums beyond the scope of PICs

• A mixed funding/implementation model is most likely to be required - involving mechanisms such as the Green Climate Fund, donor support, national support, linked with initiatives taken by Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to climate-proof infrastructure, through the Pilot Programme on Climate Resilience.

• Pacific needs to learn from the experience of other regions, including the Caribbean and Africa


(6) L&D – moving forward • SPREP is working with GIZ on a Loss and

Damage project in the Pacific region, in 3 pilot countries - Samoa, Kiribati and Vanuatu

• Will assess options for implementation of the 3 elements of L&D in the Pacific

• Consultant will commence shortly and report will be delivered mid-year

IMPLICATIONS FOR DONORS AND PARTNERS IN THE PACIFIC REGION

IMPLICATIONS FOR DONORS

• Invest in and support adaptation and risk management programmes that are working (PACC, CCCPIR)

• Build on mechanisms and projects which strengthen donor coordination (Choiseul, DPCC)

• Strengthen work with and through effective regional agencies, such as SPREP

IMPLICATIONS FOR DONORS

• Support work on Loss and Damage in the Pacific region, including on assessment of options for insurance and risk management

• (Please) continue to support Pacific countries in their efforts to adapt to a changing climate and to natural disasters

THANK YOU