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Wetlands of Pakistan
Presented To: Dr. By Saleha MahmoodPhD Scholar at SDSC, GCUCourse: Wetland Management
Wetlands of Pakistan - An Overview
National Context
International Context
Wetlands of Pakistan:-An OverviewNational Context
Total wetland surface area: 9.7%
Total wetland sites: 225 (Pakistan GIS database)
Northern areas: 119 lakes and peat lands
46 Sites of protected status: 7 national parks, 25 wildlife sanctuaries and 10 game reserves
1967: Meaning and significance of Pakistan wetlands for the first time was noticed by international community
23rd November 1976: The convention on wetlands came into force for Pakistan
1976: Total wetland surface area 7,800 sq km with 9 wetlands of global significance
2001: Number raised to 16
2013:Among 1,888 Ramsar sites, 19 sites of Pakistan bear global importance
Total surface area of Pakistan Ramsar sites is 1,343,627 hectares
International Context
Wetland Types and Area in Pakistan
Sr. Wetland Type Continental area (hectares)
1 Inland waters >7,800, 000
2 Delta marshes 300, 000
3 Mangroves 250-283, 000
4 Lakes and reservoirs 472, 070
5 Fish farms and ponds 334, 019.4
Total Area 8,906,339.4-9,189,089.4 hectares
Source: Khan & Arshad, 2014
Among 225 sites 112 are significant
Sr. No.
Location/Province No. of wetlands
Status
NP P NK
1. Sindh 30 19 11 -
2. Balochistan 22 15 4 03
3. KPK 20 14 05 01
4. Punjab 17 05 11 01
5. Northern areas 12 05 01 06
6. AJK 10 ✓ - -
7. Rawal Lake (Islamabad)
01 ✓
NP: Not ProtectedP: ProtectedNK: Not Known
Out of 112 important sites 30 are located in Sindh
Out of 19 Ramsar sites of Pakistan, 10 are located in Sindh
Major Wetland Complexes of Pakistan
Four Major Wetland Complexes:
1. North-Western Alpine Wetlands Complex (NAWC)
2. Salt Range Wetlands Complex (SRWC)
3. Central Indus Wetland Complex (CIWC)
4. Makran Coast Wetlands Complex (MCWC)
North-West Alpine Wetlands
Complex (NAWC)
Series of high altitude, interlinked, glacial, kettle and valley bottom lakes, marshes, peat bogs and braided stream beds in the Yarkhun Valley.
Yarkhun River: The North Western Alpine Wetland Complex (NAWC)
Total land area: 1760 sq km Location: 70 km long and 23 km wide situated
in the upper Yarkhun River Valley
Gilgit Baltistan and Alpine Wetlands Complex
The range in elevation of the wetlands extends from 2,600m in the southwest to 4,150m in the case of Lake Karumbar at the north-eastern extremity
Mountain peaks: 6 located at an elevation of 6,000 m have permanent snow accumulation zones, ice fields and glaciers
Plant species: Hippophae rhamnoides, Myricaria elegans, Poplus ciliata and Salix viminalis. Above the tree line, the dominant grasses are Festuca altaica and Poa attenuata.
Animal Species: Wild vertebrates at lower elevations and hibernating species (Golden Marmaot) and seasonal migrants (Marco Polo Sheep)
Flocks of migratory birds use the wetlands during the early and late summer periods
North West Alpine Wetland Complex (NAWC)
Plant species of NAWCMyricaria elegans
Hippophae rhamnoids Festuca altaica
Salix viminalis
Golden marmot
Marco polo sheep
Human communities: “Wakhi pastoralists” Main sources of survival: hunting of migratory waterfowl and alpine ungulates
Necessary livestock retained in harsh winters by stalk-feeding
Cut and dried emergent vegetation from alpine wetlands used as fodder
Major problem: Fuel availability for space heating and cooking
Important activity: Collection of plants and peat from marshes, stream beds, and lake surroundings which is dried, stored and burned when required
Accumulation of animals to wetlands due to seasonal migrations
Isolated water bodies, such as kettle lakes on perched plains, are denuded of peripheral and emergent vegetation by the end of the summer.
2. Salt Range Wetlands Complex (SRWC)
The entire complex is 175 km long and runs from Jhelum in the east to Kalabagh in the west
Sr. Name Province District Status1. Kallar
kaharPunjab Chakwal Wildlife
sanctuary2. Khabbeki Punjab Khushab Wildlife
sanctuary3. Ucchali Punjab Khushab Ramsar
site4. Jhalar Punjab Khushab Not
Protected5. Namal
LakesPunjab Khushab Wildlife
sanctuary
SRWC: Five Independent Wetlands
Wetlands provide a crucial source of irrigation in this essentially semi arid area.
International Importance recognized by RC
3. Central Indus Wetland Complex (CIWC)
Extending among the Chashma in the North and Sukkur City in the south, this complex lies along the main stem of Indus River.Consists of braided streams and owbox lakes and seasonally inundated depressions in the flood plain.Area: 9,700 km, 708 km long and 9-23 km wide
Serious damage to wetland and associated biodiversityIndus Water Dolphin in THREAT!
Exhaustive use of resource Harmful fishing techniques Over fishing Extensive use of agro-chemicals,
urban and industrial wastes Hunting and removal of wetlands
flora Inhabitants largely depend upon
existing wetland resources of the region
Sarus Crane (Threatened Bird taxa in CIWC)
CIWC is a principal flyway for migrant bird speciesMigration route used by 66 different birds including threatened ones.Indus river within the Makran Coastal Wetland Complex support more than 95% of the surviving population of the endangered and endemic Indus River Dolphin
4. Makran Coastal Wetland Complex (MCWC)
Extending westwards along Balochistan’s Makran Coast from the Basol River to Jiwani on the border with Iran
Makran Coastal Wetland Complex (MCWC)
Internationally recognized by
RC Bureau
Sr. Name Province District Status
1. Akara Dam BALOCHISTAN
MAKRAN
Not Protected
2. Astola Sea Mount
Not Protected
3. Jiwani Estuary Not Protected
4. Kalmat Khor Not Protected
5. Astola Island Wildlife Sanctuary
Biodiversity of MCWC
Corals
Sea grass
10 species of marine cetaceans
Mangrove swamps
Threatened marine turtles
Endangered marsh crocodiles
Migratory birds
Astola Island (Haft Talar)Location: 25 km in south of the desert coast of Balochistan and spreads over 5,000 hectares with 6 km in lengthMost significant island in the north of Arabian Sea Lobsters, oyesters and fish caught between May to September
Important for endemic reptiles as green turtles and hawksbill turtle are the most endangered species of the island
Green turtle Hawksbill turtle
Jiwani Coastal Wetland Complex
It is located around the Delta of Dasht river in Balochistan which spreads over an area of 4,600 hectares.Thousands of migratory water birdsJiwani Sea Mount and the areas of rocky shore-line, estuaries and associated mangroves are vital breeding areas for commercially important fish species.
Green turtle
Olive Ridley
Endangered species
Mangrove specie: Avicennia marina
Pakistan’s 19 sites Internationally recognized by Ramsar Convention (RC)
Bureau
2PK009 Astola (Haft Talar)
Island, Balochistan
2PK009 Astola (Haft Talar) Island,
Balochistan
Astola Island Sea Anemone
Chashma Barrage
Deh Akro-II Desert Wetland Complex,
Sindh
2PK007, Drigh Lake, Sindh
Migratory Water Fowl Birds
Drigh Lake, Bird fauna
Sindh
Black crowned Night Heron
2PK008, Haleji Lake, Sindh
Waterfowl breeding facility at Haleji Lake
Asia’s largest
Bird Sanctuary
2PK010 Hub Dam, Sindh, Balochistan
2PK018, Indus Delta, Sindh,
Mangroves of Indus Delta
2PK011, Indus Dolphin Reserve
2PK012, Jiwani coastal wetland, Balochistan
Mangrove tree nursery
Mangrove tree plantation
2PK013, Jubho Lagoon, Sujawal District, Sindh
Delmatian pelicans
2PK006, Kinjhar Lake, Thatta District, Sindh
2PK014, Miani Hor, Lasbela District, Balochistan
2PK015 Nurri Lagoon, Badin District, Sindh
2PK016 Ormara Turtle Beaches, Balochistan
2PK019 Runn of Kutch, Sindh
World Largest Salt Desert
2PK004 Tanda Dam, Kohat District, KPK
2PK003 Taunsa Barrage, Punjab
Taunsa barrage wildlife sanctuary
2PK001 Thanedar Wala, Bannu District, KPK
Thanedar wala Game Reserve
2PK005 Ucchali Complex, Khushab District, Punjab