Download pdf - Mining in Latin America: Critical Approaches to The New Extraction

MIN

ING

IN LA

TIN

AM

ER

ICA

Critical approaches to the new extraction

Ed

ited b

y Kalow

atie Deon

and

an

and

Mich

ael L. Dou

gherty

Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats

The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic expansion and intensification of mineral resource exploitation and development across the global south, especially in Latin America. This shift has brought mining more visibly into global public debates and spurred a great deal of controversy and conflict. This volume assembles new scholarship that provides critical perspectives on these issues.

The book marshals original, empirical work from leading social scientists in a variety of disciplines to address a range of questions about the practices of mining companies on the ground, the impacts of mining on host communities, and the responses to mining from communities, civil society and states. The book further explores the global and international causes, consequences and innovations of this new era of mining activity in Latin America. Key issues include the role of Canadian mining companies and their investment in the region, and, to a lesser extent, the role of Chinese mining capital. Several chapters take a regional perspective, while others are based on empirical data from specific countries including Bolivia, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala and Peru.

Kalowatie Deonandan is Associate Professor of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada.

Michael L. Dougherty is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Illinois State University, USA.

ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY / MINING / SOCIAL SCIENCE

Routledge Studies of the Extractive Industries and Sustainable Development

Cover image: Thinkstock

Edited by Kalowatie Deonandanand Michael L. Dougherty

MINING IN LATIN AMERICA

The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic expansion and intensification of mineral resource exploitation and development across the global south, espe-cially in Latin America. This shift has brought mining more visibly into global public debates and spurred a great deal of controversy and conflict. This volume assembles new scholarship that provides critical perspectives on these issues.

The book marshals original, empirical work from leading social scientists in a variety of disciplines to address a range of questions about the practices of mining companies on the ground, the impacts of mining on host communities, and the responses to mining from communities, civil society and states. The book further explores the global and international causes, consequences and innovations of this new era of mining activity in Latin America. Key issues include the role of Canadian mining companies and their investment in the region, and, to a lesser extent, the role of Chinese mining capital. Several chapters take a regional per-spective, while others are based on empirical data from specific countries includ-ing Bolivia, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala and Peru.

Kalowatie Deonandan is Associate Professor of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada.

Michael L. Dougherty is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Illinois State University, USA.

Mining in Latin America

Mining_in_Latin_America_FM_1pp.indd 1 26/03/16 3:38 AM

African Artisanal Mining from the Inside OutAccess, norms and power in Congo’s gold sectorSarah Geenan

Mountain MoversMining, sustainability and the agents of changeDaniel M. Franks

Responsible MiningKey concepts for industry integritySara Bice

Mining in Latin AmericaCritical approaches to the new extractionEdited by Kalowatie Deonandan and Michael L. Dougherty

https://www.routledge.com/series/REISD

Routledge studies of the extractive industries and sustainable development


Mining in Latin AmericaCritical approaches to the new extraction

Edited by Kalowatie Deonandan and Michael L. Dougherty


First published 2016by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2016 Kalowatie Deonandan and Michael L. Dougherty, selection and editorial material; individual chapters, the contributors

The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data[CIP data]

ISBN: 978-1-138-92167-2 (hbk)ISBN: 978-1-315-68622-6 (ebk)

Typeset in Goudyby diacriTech, Chennai


Notes on authors ixAcknowledgements xiii

PART IIntroduction 1

1 From global peripheries to the earth’s core: the new extraction in Latin America 3MIChAEL L. DOUGhERTY

PART IIConceptual approaches to excavating the new extraction 25

2 Investment, governance and resistance in the new extractive economies of Latin America 27hENRY VELTMEYER

3 The new extractivism, raw materialism and twenty-first century mining in Latin America 45PAUL S. CICCANTELL AND DANIEL PATTEN

4 Post-neoliberalism in Latin America: continuities and discontinuities in regimes of extraction 63LIISA NORTh, RICARDO GRINSPUN AND CARLOS LARREA

PART IIIThe role of Canadian capital in Latin American extraction 83

5 Scarcity and control: the new extraction and Canada’s mineral resource protection network 85MIChAEL L. DOUGhERTY

Contents


vi Contents

6 Rethinking ‘Canadian mining imperialism’ in Latin America 102J.Z. GARROD AND LAURA MACDONALD

7 Canadian capital, mining taxation and the return of some (strong) states 118PABLO hEIDRICh AND PAOLA ORTIZ LOAIZA

PART IVInnovations on the ground: privatization, people and governance 141

8 Mining movements and political horizons in the Andes: articulation, democratization and worlds otherwise 143BRET GUSTAFSON AND NATALIA GUZMáN SOLANO

9 Extractive industries and the global human rights regime for businesses: The Marlin Human Rights Impact Assessment 162KALOwATIE DEONANDAN AND JENNIFER MORGAN

10 Moving overseas? Critical reflections on the implementation of Latin American ethical gold schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa 184GAVIN hILSON AND JAMES MCQUILKEN

11 Mining, property and the reordering of socionatural relations in Peru 210MATThEw hIMLEY

PART VJurisprudence and the new extraction 229

12 The rise of the corporate investment rights regime and ‘extractive exceptionalism’: evidence from El Salvador 231SARAh ANDERSON, MANUEL PéREZ ROChA AND MIChAEL L. DOUGhERTY

13 Impeding access to justice: establishing civil jurisdiction in Canadian courts in the Global extractive economy 252BERNADETTE MAhEANDIRAN


Contents vii

PART VIConclusion and ways forward 273

14 The role of women and international non-governmental organisations in the resistance to the new extraction in Latin America: the unexplored dimensions 275KALOwATIE DEONANDAN AND REBECCA TAThAM

Index 286


About the editors

Kalowatie Deonandan is Associate Professor of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. She is the author of two co-edited volumes, on the transition of revolutionary movements into formal political parties. her current work is on gender and resistance in the mining industry in Latin America, as well as women and stakeholder engagement in nuclear sector development Canada.

Michael L. Dougherty is Assistant Professor of Sociology at Illinois State University, USA. his work focuses on the industrial and political ecologies of global mining industries and environmental conflicts. he has published over 20 articles and book chapters in outlets such as Journal of Cleaner Production, Journal of Business Ethics, Competition and Change and Bulletin of Latin American Research.

About the contributors

Sarah Anderson is the Director of the Global Economy Project at the Institute for Policy Studies in washington, DC, USA. She also serves on the Investment Subcommittee of the U.S. State Department’s Advisory Committee on International Economic Policy (ACIEP). This subcommittee carried out a review of the United States model bilateral investment treaty in 2009.

Paul S. Ciccantell is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Kercher Center for Social Research in the Department of Sociology at western Michigan University, USA. his research examines socioeconomic change over the long term, the evo-lution of global industries, and the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of global industries, focusing particularly on raw materials extraction and processing and transport industries.

J.Z. Garrod is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Carleton University, Canada.

Notes on authors


x Notes on authors

Ricardo Grinspun is Associate Professor of Economics and International Development Studies, and a Fellow of the Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean (CERLAC) at York University, Canada. he publishes on development and international trade, hemispheric integration, economy and ecology, and Canada’s role in the Americas. he is responsible for five books as well as more than 70 scholarly articles, technical reports and other publications.

Bret Gustafson is Associate Professor of Anthropology at washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. he is the author of New Languages of the State: Indigenous Resurgence and the Politics of Knowledge in Bolivia (Duke, 2009). his current research is on the politics of gas extraction, indigeneity and redistribution in Bolivia.

Natalia Guzmán Solano is a PhD Candidate in the Department of Anthropology at washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. her current research is centered on mining conflicts and the gendered politics of struggle in Andean Peru.

Pablo Heidrich teaches at Carleton University’s Institute of Political Economy in Canada, and researches extractive industries in Latin America, a project funded by a Social Sciences and humanities Research Council (SShRC) grant. Previously, he worked at The North-South Institute on international trade and investment issues and at FLACSO (Argentina) on regional integration issues. he received his PhD from the University of Southern California and his MA from Tsukuba University (Japan).

Gavin Hilson is Chair of Sustainability in Business at the University of Surrey Business School, UK. he carries out research on the environmental and social dimensions of artisanal and small-scale mining, and over the past 15 years, has published over 150 papers on the subject. he received his PhD from the Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine.

Matthew Himley is Assistant Professor of Geography in the Department of Geography-Geology at Illinois State University, USA. his research centers on the socio-environmental dimensions of natural-resource development activi-ties in the Andean region of South America, especially in Peru. his work has appeared in a variety of scholarly journals, including Antipode, Environment and Planning A, Geographical Review and Geography Compass.

Carlos Larrea is Coordinator of the Master’s Program in Climate Change and the Director of the Socio-environmental Research Unit at the Universidad Andina


Notes on authors xi

Simón Bolívar in Quito, Ecuador. he has served as technical adviser of the Yasuni- ITT Inititative to keep the ‘oil in the soil’ in Ecuador and as a consultant for institutions such as UNDP, UNICEF, PAhO, ILO, UICN, world Bank and IDB. Author of 15 books and 85 articles, his current research interests focus on sustainability and human development.

Laura Macdonald is a Professor in the Department of Political Science and the Institute of Political Economy at Carleton University, Canada. her cur-rent research project, funded by the Social Sciences and humanities Research of Canada (SShRC), examines the changing relationship between Canada and Latin America (www.observatorio.ca).

Bernadette Maheandiran is a Board Member of the Justice and Corporate Accountability Project, a legal clinic which assists communities negatively affected by natural resource extraction and she is also a lawyer at the Advocacy Centre for the Elderly, in Ontario, Canada.

James McQuilken (MSc, BSc) is a PhD Researcher at the University of Surrey Business School, UK. his work examines the production networks of artisanal and small-scale mining and mineral certification schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa. his research is funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council 2013–2016.

Jennifer Morgan in an MA Candidate in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. She is researching human rights impact assessments and corporate social responsibility in the mining industry.

Liisa L. North is Professor Emeritus at York University, Canada. She is author or co-author of 11 books and more than 60 book chapters and journal articles on party politics, civil-military relations, political economic processes, and mining conflicts in various Andean region countries; on the civil wars, UN peacekeep-ing missions, and human rights and refugee crises in Central America; and on Canadian-Latin American relations.

Paola Ortiz Loaiza is a PhD Candidate in International Development at the University of Ottawa, Canada. She holds a MA in Political Science from Carleton University, Canada, and a BA in International Relations from El Colegio de México. She has led research projects in FLACSO (Guatemala) and the North-South Institute (Canada); published on political parties, party financ-ing, and women’s political participation; and is currently researching on tax poli-cies and state fragility.


xii Notes on authors

Daniel Patten is a PhD Candidate in Sociology at western Michigan University, USA. his research interests include crimes of the state, war crimes, human rights violations and imperialism.

Manuel Pérez-Rocha works for justice on trade and investment agreements as an Associate Fellow at the Institute for Policy Studies, USA. he is a member of the Mexican Action Network on Free Trade (RMALC) where he has worked on NAFTA for two decades, and is an Associate at the Transnational Institute. Pérez-Rocha holds an MA in Development Studies from the Institute of Social Studies in The hague.

Rebecca Tatham is an MA Candidate in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. her current research focusses on the gendered dynamics in anti-mining struggles in Guatemala.

Henry Veltmeyer is Research Professor in Development Studies at the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in Mexico and Professor Emeritus at Saint Mary’s University, Canada. he is author, coauthor and editor of over 50 books on the political economy and sociology of international development. They include: The New Extractivism: A Post-Neoliberal Development Model or Imperialism of the Twenty-First Century? (Zed Books, 2014).


The genesis of this book stemmed from the shared interest of the editors in the subject of extractive development in Latin America. The project gained impe-tus with a panel organized by Kalowatie Deonandan for the Conference of the Canadian Association of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (CALACS) in Quebec in 2014 at which much of the book – conceptually and organizationally – was consolidated.

Every project of this size and scope requires collaboration among a number of individuals and groups and, as editors, we wish to take this opportunity and convey our appreciation to them.

Kalowatie Deonandan wishes to acknowledge the support of the Department of Political Studies and the President’s Social Sciences and humanities Research Fund at the University of Saskatchewan for supporting part of the field work for her chapters in the volume. In addition, she would like to acknowledge the research assistance provided by her graduate students heather Jordan, Jennifer Morgan and Rebecca Tatham; their enthusiasm and patience never flagged and their respect for deadlines made them models to emulate.

her deepest thanks goes to her husband, Raj Srinivasan, for his unfailing sup-port and encouragement and his uncanny ability to always point her in the right direction.

Michael L. Dougherty wants, above all, to celebrate and thank his spouse, Rocío Peralta, and his son, Leo Miguel Dougherty Peralta, for their support and patience over the course of putting together this book. Leo graciously post-poned many reading sessions, games of hide and seek and trips to the park, and Rocio picked up herculean amounts of Mike’s slack in addition to all her own commitments.

Many friends and colleagues at Illinois State University read chapters and gave advice; in particular, Jim Skibo gave advice throughout the process. Additionally, Jakeet Singh and Matthew himley graciously read and commented on sections of the book. Jakeet and Matt, along with Reecia Orzeck, were sage sounding boards and supportive friends throughout the process.

Mike is grateful to have had the excellent assistance of four Illinois State University Sociology students on this project. Brittany humenick, Alexis Econie,

Acknowledgements


xiv Acknowledgements

Breana Calloway and Taryn Thompson all read and commented on chapters, assisted with the formatting, and made excellent editorial suggestions.

Mike’s contributions to this book came out of fieldwork that was supported by National Science Foundation SBE grant number 0825724 as well as an Illinois State University College of Arts and Sciences New Faculty Initiative Grant.

The editors would also like to express their deep appreciation to all of the contributors to the volume who were exemplars of promptness, patience and pro-fessionalism and to thank Tim hardwick and Ashley wright at Routledge for their support.

Finally, Deonandan and Dougherty wish to acknowledge that they shared equally in editorship of this volume and the order of editors was arranged alpha-betically. Any errors in the volume are the sole responsibility of the editors.
