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INSECURITYFOOD AND WAY FORWARD
Mr. Pankajkumar H. MugaonkarPh. D. 417
Fish Business ManagementFisheries Economics, Extension and Statistics Division
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai
OUTLINE
• Food security concepts• Status of food insecurity• Energy supplies, Nutrition transition• Global Hunger Index• India Food Insecurity• Measures to improve food security
Food security : History and Definition
1974
1983
1986
1996
1990
• Adequate Basic foodstuff
• Offset fluctuations in production and prices
• Balance between demand and supply side of the equation
• Enough food for active and healthy life
• Food safety and Nutrition
• World Food Summit
Most careful definition
2001• Physical,
Social and Economic
1996
Food Security exists when all people at alltimes, have physical and economic access tosufficient, safe and nutritious food that meetstheir dietary needs and food preferencesfor an active and healthy life.
- World Food Summit
Source:www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e06.htm
Food Security exists when all people at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Stability of the other three dimensions
Food Security
Physical availability
Economic and Physical access to food
Food Utilization
(Source:FAO,Practical Guides)
“A situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life.”
Food insecurity
Chronic food insecurity
Transitory food insecurity
Seasonal food insecurity
(Source:FAO,Practical Guides)
MalnutritionA broad term for a range of conditions that hinder good health, caused byinadequate or unbalanced food intake or from poor absorption of foodconsumed. It refers to both undernutrition (food deprivation) andovernutrition (excessive food intake in relation to energy requirements).
UndernutritionThe result of prolonged low levels of food intake and/or low absorption offood consumed. Generally applied to energy (or protein and energy)deficiency, but it may also relate to vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
Undernourishment or Chronic HungerThe status of persons, whose food intake regularly provides less than theirminimum energy requirements.The average minimum energy requirement per person is about 1800 kcal perday. The exact requirement is determined by a person’s age, body size,activity level and physiological conditions such as illness, infection, pregnancyand lactation.
• When did FAO start counting the hungry?
• What are the hunger targets?
The 1996 World Food Summit target
The Millennium Development Goals
(Source: FAO, Hunger Portal)
FOOD INSECURITY IN THE WORLD
• Undernourishment around the world
• Hunger Trends
Sub-Saharan Africa
Southern Asia
Eastern Asia Western Asia
Caucasus and Central Asia
Caribbean
Oceania
South-Eastern Asia Latin America
Northern Africa
World Regions
About 870 million people(12.5 % of the global population)
2010-2012
852 million in developing countries
(Source: State of Food Insecurity in The World, 2012)
(Source: State of Food Insecurity in The World, 2012)
(Source: State of Food Insecurity in The World, 2012)
(Source: State of Food Insecurity in The World, 2012)
(Source: State of Food Insecurity in The World, 2012)
Energy Supply……
Nutrition Transition and the Double Burden
IFPRIGlobal Hunger Index
The Global Hunger Index (GHI) is designed to comprehensivelymeasure and track hunger globally and by country and region.Calculated each year by the International Food Policy ResearchInstitute (IFPRI), the GHI highlights successes and failures in hungerreduction and provides insights into the drivers of hunger.
The 2012 Global Hunger Index (GHI) is calculated for 120 developing countries and countries in transition for which data on the three indicators of hunger are available.
GHI measures three dimensions of hunger Undernourishment Child underweight Child mortality
An increase in a country’s GHI score indicates that the hungersituation is worsening, while a decrease in the score indicatesimprovement in the country’s hunger situation
Causes for food insecurity
Price Spikes, High prices for oil and other agricultural inputs are making production more expensive. Extreme weather increasingly threatens harvests, and agricultural productivity gains are waning as investment falters.
According to the GHI,
Hunger on a global scale remains “serious.” Twenty countries have levels of hunger that are “alarming” or “extremely alarming.”
The 2012 world GHI fell by 26 per cent from the 1990 world GHI, from a score of 19.8 to 14.7. South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest levels of hunger with regional scores of 22.5 and 20.7, respectively.
From the 1990 GHI to the 2012 GHI, 15 countries reduced their scores by 50 per cent or more.
(Source: Global Food Security Index Report 2012)
Brief about India’s Food insecurity
India and Food insecurity
• According to the United Nations, malnutrition is more common in India than in sub-Saharan Africa.
• India alone accounts for 54% of all malnutrition-related child deaths.
• UNICEF estimates that in India, one in every three children is malnourished, and nearly half of all childhood deaths are attributed to malnutrition.
• UNICEF studies reveal maximum under-nutrition in the five Indian states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Orissa.
• India has been ranked 66 in the list of 105 countries – much lower than neighboring China (ranked 39) and somewhat lower than Sri Lanka (62) –in the 2012 Global Food Security Index released by DuPont.
• The problem centres not necessarily on how much people eat, but on what they eat
India
Total Population 1241.5 million
Number of undernourished persons 217.0 million
Prevalence of Undernourishment 18%
India expected to become the most populous country in the world by 2025, feeding the population is likely to be one of the serious challenges that the country will face in the coming decades.
• High level of poverty, • lower income, • less public spending on farm research, • poor infrastructure, • sluggish supply of quality protein are some of the key challenges that India needs
to address..
On the positive side, however, the presence of food safety net programs and access to farm credit has helped the country achieve some level of food security.
Also, India grows enough food to meet the needs of its 1.2 billion people. It isestimated that about seven per cent of food grains are wasted due to lack ofstorage space and inefficient transportation.
http://www.voanews.com/content/article--in-india-indadequate-storage-could-mean-wasted-food-148848425/370292.html
Measures to overcome food insecurity?
Political commitment and good governance at all levels
Importance of nutrition
Sustainable food production
Investing to protect the most vulnerable
Emphasis on right based approaches
Strenghtening gender equality
Thank you !!
