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The presentation provides insights on successful recovery and reconstruction in the aftermath of a disaster. The 7 Key considerations have been backed by examples from recovery interventions in the aftermath of disasters including Gujarat Earthquake 2001, Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004, China earthquake 2008 and Myanmar Cyclone 2008.
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Key Considerations for
Disaster Recovery Managers
Source: Website
Sudhir Kumar
Recovery and Disaster risk reduction Specialist [email protected]
May, 2014
Source: GSDMA
Recovery
The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
Source/Adapted: ADPC, Thailand
Let’s have a look at background of Disaster Recovery
Where to start
Source: ADB 7081-‐PRC, Report
No way !
APEC Seminar on Capacity Building for Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation June, 27-28, 2012 Shanghai, China
Source: ADB 7081-‐PRC, Report
Agenda
1. Government-led institutional set-up for R&R 2. Build back better and safer 3. Coordination is of strategic importance 4. Integrity and Accountability Building blocks of
Trust 5. Environmental and historic preservation
considerations in Disaster Recovery 6. People at ‘the heart of the matter’ in
Recovery 7. Resource mobilization : Traditional/Innovative 8. All’s well if ends well
Source: ADPC, Thailand
Consideration 1: Government-led institutional set-up for R&R
Rationale
• Government has the primary responsibility of responding to disasters (National Disaster Management Legislations)
• Having government in the driving seat will ensure accountability by gaining trust of partners involved in supporting R&R
• Sustainability of efforts • Global and regional instruments, articulate the leadership role of
the States in a post-disaster situation (e.g. AADMER, IFRC, etc) Case: • In the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis of 2008 in Myanmar, the Tri-partite
Core Group [TCG] was constituted under the chair of Government of Myanmar. ASEAN and UN were part of TCG and facilitated the process
• National Development and Reforms Commission, the Planning Ministry of China, prepared the recovery plan in the aftermath of Wenchuan earthquake, China. The line ministries played key role in the process.
Consideration 2: Build back better and safer
Rationale • Recovery provides and opportunity to ‘reduce risk’/‘Not to re-
create risk’ • Build better physical infrastructure • Support process to empower vulnerable groups • Lay down foundation for long-term risk reduction using
momentum Case: • The State Overall Planning [SOP] for Post-Wenchuan Earthquake
Restoration and Reconstruction integrated DRR into the recovery. It included following principles such as ‘Place safety first’, ‘Quality control’, ‘Avoid zones of potential major hazards’, etc
• In the aftermath of Gujarat Earthquake in 2001 in India, Build back better was cornerstone of recovery. Also all reconstructed houses were registered under the joint ownership of husband and wife.
Consideration 2… contd
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CHOWKGHODAR
SONI VAD SHERIJETHI
SEJWALAMATAM
LEGEND
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CHOWKGHODAR
SONI VAD SHERIJETHI
SEJWALAMATAM
LEGEND
Before Town Planning Scheme
Before earthquake After Earthquake
Implementation of Town and Development Plan in the reconstructed Towns
Source: GSDMA, India
Consideration 3: Coordination is of strategic importance
Rationale • Recovery involves a range of agencies from Government
Departments to NGOs. Ex In case of 2004 tsunami recovery in Indonesia more than 900 agencies were involved
• Recovery is undertaken in different sectors. Ex. In case of Pakistan 2005 earthquake, more than 10 sectors were affected
• Response and recovery phase involves heightened expectation and limited information
Case: In case of 2004 Tsunami Indonesia recovery, ‘One UN’ Approach was used.
Consideration 3…contd
Case : Indonesia, 2004 Tsunami Recovery UN coordination ! The UN supported R&R through a range of agencies including UNDP,
UNOCHA, UNICEF, UN-Habitat, and the WHO. ! UN Office of the Recovery Coordination (UNORC) coordinated UN
activities, and it was single point of contact to the UN for the BRR.
! Six field offices and 25 district facilitation teams.
Red Cross and Red Crescent societies ! 20 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies were involved ! IFRC had a staff member at the BRR to coordinate its own member
country activities
Consideration 4: Integrity and Accountability Building blocks of Trust
Rationale • It is extremely important to set up an effective system for
managing financial resources to ensure the resources made available are reaching the most in-need.
• Ensure that donor trust is maintained. • Recovery is time bound hence flexibility is built-in to ensure
speed which has double-edge Case: After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Thailand, Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia established Aid Management Platforms to provide an online vehicle for a comprehensive inventory of projects, financial commitments, and disbursement . In Myanmar, ASEAN HTF established a delivery unit.
Consideration 4…contd Case : Myanmar : The coordination office of the ASEAN Humanitarian Task Force established a delivery unit with following key functions: " Track pledges from donors: Identify funding status, sector
allocation, disbursements, and delivery channels for each donor. " Monitor implementation progress (outputs/deliverables) of each
implementing partner. " Monitor progress of each project " Develop an information database that provided detailed
information, from funding status to project delivery. " Issue monthly delivery updates to stakeholders. " Synchronize with existing tracking system " Provide regular updates and analysis on the progress of delivery
for high-level decisions and actions.
Rationale - Natural hazards such as floods, cyclones, and tsunamis can become disasters if the environment is degraded. e.g. the environmental degradation was a key factor for Pakistan 2010 floods - R&R process can create an enormous pressure on environment, sometimes beyond administrative borders, further degrading it.
Disaster
Environmental degradation
Increased Vulnerability
Consideration 5: Environmental and historic preservation considerations in
Disaster Recovery
Source/ Adpated: UNEP, Myanmar
Consideration 5..contd
Case: In the aftermath of 2008 Wenchuan, China earthquake, sustainable environmental practices were embedded. The affected communities were moved to a large, centralized camp, which ensured that water supply, sewage, and solid waste could be professionally managed in a centralized fashion. Specific guideline were given for where to rebuild, and thus reconstruction activities didn’t take place in environmentally sensitive areas. Also, the concept of ‘circular economy’ was proposed, in which all resources, including debris from the earthquake, were used for reconstruction. It also translated into a focus on rebuilding industries that could contribute to a circular economy in long term.
Rationale - Disaster recovery is all about ‘people’ - Different people have different needs including vulnerable groups such as women, children, aged, people with disability, etc - Part of solution and not mere ‘victims’ -Builds trust and enhance transparency - Cultural sensitivity
Consideration 6: People at ‘the heart of the matter’ in Recovery
Source: ADPC, Thailand
Consideration 6..contd
Case: In the aftermath of 2001 earthquake Gujarat, India, the affected people were given following choice for reconstruction
• Owner-driven reconstruction: Owner reconstruct the house and government provides financial, material and technical support.
• Public-private partnership: NGOs in partnership with government construct the house as per the need of the owner
NGOs were engaged in all recovery cases where village was relocated after consent of the Gram Sabha (village committee). Also, for relocation of the village approval by Gram Sabha (village committee) was necessary. Children: Foster scheme for orphaned children, Orphanage and Child Help Lines Disabled Persons: Artificial limbs, wheelchairs and supportive device Women : Pension scheme and Self Employment Schemes Old Persons: Pension scheme and Old Age Homes
Rationale - Recovery programs require huge resources and hence calls for various options - Diversion of all development resources for recovery is not wise decision
Consideration 7: Resource mobilization: Traditional/Innovative
Options and Cases • Fresh loans ( Gujarat 2001 Recovery from the WB and the ADB) • Grants (Indonesia 2004 Tsunami recovery) • Twining cities ( Sichuan, China 2008 Earthquake recovery) • Loan/Grant swap (Italy-Indonesia 2004 Tsunami recovery) • Remittance and Public donation ( Sri Lanka 2004 and Haiti
2010 Earthquake) • Private Sector (Thailand after tsunami 2004) • Development fund reprogrammed • Pre-disaster financing
Rationale - Recovery programs are time-bound hence exit strategy is important - Transfer of assets or facilities created in recovery - Maintenance of facilities after recovery - Institution created for recovery
Consideration 8: All’s well if ends well
Case: In case of 2004 tsunami recovery in Indonesia, the exit strategy was executed in phased manner
• BRR as per the set time frame and more than 90% of the target were achieved. The National Development Planning Board was identified for coordination while relevant line ministries and local governments for implementation.
• Banks and donors made special arrangement for funding of the on-going project after the closure of BRR.
• All assets created through BRR whether from on-budget (government, loan, etc.) or off-budget (UN, INGOs, NGOs) funds, were considered national assets to be managed by the Ministry of Finance.
• BRR Institute was created which acts as repository of the lessons learned from Tsunami recovery
Source: ADPC, Thailand
Agenda
1. Government-led institutional set-up for R&R 2. Build back better and safer 3. Coordination is of strategic importance 4. Integrity and Accountability Building blocks of
Trust 5. Environmental and historic preservation
considerations in Disaster Recovery 6. People at ‘the heart of the matter’ in
Recovery 7. Resource mobilization : Traditional/Innovative 8. All’s well if ends well
Source: ADPC, Thailand
Thank you
