CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

Electronic voting system (EVS) also known as e-voting is a term

encompassing several different types of voting embracing both electronic

means of counting votes.

Electronic voting technology can include punched cards, optical scan

voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self contained

direct-recording electronic voting systems or DRE). It can also involve

transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer

networks, or the internet.

Generally, the major approaches towards achieving an effective on line

electronic.

VOTING SYSTEM (EVS)

Scope of E-voting system

Specifies the system requirements

Specifies the participating parties of the system and describes their

roles,

Specifies the architecture of the E-voting system, the general

description of the functionally, protocols and algorithms,

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Analyses and describes possible security of hazards & examines

the compliance of the system to security requirements.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The Federal Republic of Nigeria. Nigeria is a Federal constitutional

republic comprise thirty-six states and its Federal capital Territory,

Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders

with the Republic of Benin in the West, Chad and Cameroon in the South

lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and

most influential ethnic groups Nigeria are the Hausas, Igbo and Yoruba

in terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between

Muslims and Christians with a very small Minority who practice

traditional religions.

Nigeria elects on Federal level, a head of state the President and a

legislature (The National Assembly). The President is elected by the

people. The national Assembly has two chambers. The House of

Representative has 360 member elected for a four year term in single-seat

constituencies. The senate has 109 member elected for a four years term

each of the 36 states are divided into 3 senatorial districts, each of

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which is represented by one senator, the Federal capital Territory

represented by only one senator.

Nigeria made up of thirty-six (36) states with 774 local governments.

In the Local Governments they have the chairman and the Counselor, the

state governed by the Governors and the Local Government by the

chairman and counselors and there are all elected by the people of the

state.

That is to say that there are about 2054 elective positions in Nigeria.

1 President

360 House of Representatives

109 Senators

36. States Governors

774 Local Government Chairman

774 Local Government Counselors

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

1. An electronic voting system (EVS) will require being very

precise or cost cutting to produce an effective election

management system.

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2. Therefore crucial points that this (EVS) emphasizes on are

listed below.

3. Require les number of staff during the election.

4. This system is a lot easier to independently moderate the

elections and subsequently reinforce its transparency and

fairness.

5. Less capital, les effort, and less labour intensive, as the

primary cost and effort will focus primarily on creating,

managing, and running a secure online was looting portal.

6. Increased number of voters as individual will find it easier and

more convenient to vote, especially in western societies where

life is a lot more regimented and programmed.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective is to produce a computer-based tutor that will guide voting

in Nigeria which can speed the counting of ballots and can provide

improved accessibility for disable voters, it will also provide

transparency; mitigate all challenge that may be experienced in setting up

polling booths dealing with ballot boxes, and any counting deficiencies,

and a host of others issues. Having proper fire-walls installed it is aimed

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at eliminating the abnormalities and error in the existing system. It also

aims at reducing the crime and fraudulence activities encountered with

the old voting existing system in Nigeria.

1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY.

It is focused on studying the existing system of voting in Nigeria and to

make sure that the peoples vote is counts, for fairness in the elective

positions. This is also will produce.

Less effort and less labour intensive, as the primary cost and

focus primary on creating, managing, and running a secure web

voting portal.

In creasing number of voters as individuals will find it easier and

more convenient to vote, especially in western society were life is

a lot more regimented and programmed.

1.5. LIMITATION OF STUDY

Time factor, which is the greatest barrier to the successful completion of

this exercise, I had financial constraints to traveling. The school is also a

barrier to permission for exit to get my materials for this project.

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1.6. DEFINITION OF TERM

EVS – On line electronic voting system

E-voting - Electronic Voting

INEC - Independent National Electoral Commission

EVR - Electronic Voter Register

PU- Polling Unit

ICT- Information and communication Technology

ECIL- Federal Election Commission

ES & S - Election systems & software

VVPAT- vote verifiable paper audit trails

PEB- Personal Electronic Ballot

PIN- Personal Identity Number

MBB- Mobile Ballot Box

JBC- judges Booth Controller

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

David Chaum addressed the concepts of untraceable electronic mail and

digital pseudonyms, which can apply for electronic voting for anonymity.

In order to reduce the cost of human and material, moreover, to enhance

the convenience in the task of polling, E-voting has taken the place of

traditional voting in a considerable number of countries over the past few

years. In this section, I aim to review literature I consider relevant to E-

voting.

2.1 EVALUATION OF VOTING EQUIPMENT

In the recent years, voting equipments which were widely adopted may

be divided into five types

(1) Paper-based voting: The voter gets a blank ballot and use a pen

or a marker to indicate he want to vote for which candidate. Hand-

counted ballots is a time and labor consuming process, but it is

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easy to manufacture paper ballots and the ballots can be retained

for verifying, this type is still the most common way to vote.

(2) Lever voting machine: Lever machine is peculiar equipment, and

each lever is assigned for a corresponding candidate. The voter

pulls the lever to poll for his favorite candidate. This kind of

voting machine can count up the ballots automatically. Because its

interface is not user-friendly enough, giving some training to

voters is necessary.

(3) Direct recording electronic voting machine: This type, which is

abbreviated to DRE, integrates with keyboard, touch screen, or

buttons for the voter press to poll. Some of them lay in voting

records and counting the votes is very quickly. But the other DRE

without keep voting records are doubted about its accuracy.

(4) Punch card: The voter uses metallic hole-punch to punch a hole

on the blank ballot. It can count votes automatically, but if the

voter’s perforation is incomplete, the result is probably determined

wrongfully.

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(5) Optical voting machine: After each voter fills a circle correspond

to their favorite candidate on the blank ballot, this machine selects

the darkest mark on each ballot for the vote then computes the

total result. This kind of machine counts up ballots rapidly.

However, if the voter fills over the circle, it will lead to the error

result of optical-scan.

2.2 Effectiveness of E-voting Among Different Countries

Recent years, a considerable number of countries has adopted E-voting

for their official elections. In this section, four empirical examples are

enumerated as following.

(1) America: Government of the United States hold election

collaterally in several ways, in other words, each state can choose

the suitable way to hold elections independently. Because there are

some debates about E-voting, such as some vote casts were not

counted, or election system crashed during the Election Day.

Secretary of State Kevin Shelley established an “Ad Hoc Touch

Screen Task Force” to research the debates on DRE in February

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2003. Shelly advanced that DRE should include voter verifiable

paper audit trails (VVPAT) to solve electoral debates.

(2) Japan: Japan adopted E-voting for local election in 2002, such as

mayor and councilor election of Niimi city in Okayama prefecture

in June 23, 2002; mayor election of Hiroshima city in February 02,

2003; and mayor election of Kyoto city in February 08, 2004.

Take mayor and councilor election of Niimi city for example,

electoral center surveyed the voters’ reliability when the election

finished. There are 83% of voters considered that E-voting system

is trusted. 56% of them considered that the results of E-voting and

paper-based voting are the same therefore E-voting is sufficient for

reliable. The reasons why voters can’t trust the E-voting system

are voters worried about the abuses in E-voting system, and they

can not make sure their ballot are recorded correctly.

(3) Belgium: Election for the Federal Parliament is held in May 18,

2003. In order to assist voters in being familiar with E-voting

system, electoral center held short-term training. Counting

efficiency in the election with E-voting system was faster then

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convention. Belgium’s compulsory voting system and E-voting

complement each other, voters’ satisfaction and attending

willingness of join voting are improved obviously.

(4) Brazil: Brazil used E-voting in 1998. When the voter reaches the

polling place, he shows his identity card for authenticating; if he is

an eligible voter, he can get the ballot for E-voting. Brazil’s E-

voting system transmits votes to electoral center immediately, so

that the count of votes can announce rapidly while the voting

finished

2.3 COMPARISON OF E-VOTING SYSTEM

Besides many vendors to develop and sell commercial electronic election

machines, there are various open source E-voting systems. I cite some

examples as following

(1) AccuVote-TS: AccuVote-TS’s vendor is Diebold Election

Systems. This system includes touch screen, card reader,

keyboard, headphone, and paper tape printer. The voter selects his

favorite candidate on touch screen, and the vote will be printed on

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the paper tape. Its design balances the policy, electoral procedure

and technology. But all the electoral information (including

identity authentication, audit, or counting of votes) are stored in

Microsoft Access database without setting password so there are

high risks of attack.

(2) iVotronic: The vendor of iVotronic is Election Systems and

Software (ES&S). iVotronic provides multi-language, and uses flash

memory to save voting records. Electoral workers use PEB (Personal

Electronic Ballot, a device which is similar to disk) to start polling

machine up. When the election is finished, the workers use PEB to

access voting records in the polling machine, then delivers PEB to

electoral center or transmits data from network. Because the PEB’s

password is only three characters, the risk of password breaking

exists. This system have made mistake in the past elections, such as

the number of voters is not corresponding between master server and

backup server, the candidate selected on the ballot is not the voter’s

selection, and so forth.

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(3) eSlate 3000: Hart InterCivic invented eSlate 3000. The voter gets

a personal identity number (PIN) as four digits from electoral

workers, then goes to the booth to input the PIN into polling

machine to login. He can rotate selector wheel to select the

candidate whom he want to poll for. Each terminal connects to the

server which is named JBC (Judges Booth Controller). Counting

of votes will send to JBC from every terminal by network, then

save it in MBB (Mobile Ballot Box). This system doesn’t encrypt

voting data, so there are some risks of data security. Furthermore,

the electoral functions are not protected with password, anyone,

even the voter, can finish the election. FreeDOS. This system

operates from disk, so hard disk is not necessary and the discarded

computer is enough. This system is not connected to any networks

and most of keys on the keyboard are disabled, attackers can’t find

the way to invade. SAVIOC’s advantages are its simple

disposition and low cost, but on the other hand, there are short of

GUI and ease of use on SAVIOC.

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2.4 Contact less IC card

We can distinguish IC card into contact card and contact less card.

Contact card has to contact with card reader for transmitting data, but

contact less card can transmit data from remote retrieval by coil. There

are 16 sectors in the contact less IC card, and there are 4 blocks in every

sector. Each sector is individual. We can find the application of contact

less card in daily life, such as Easy Card, entrance guard card, and so

forth. Because of Mifare card’s low cost and applicability, our research

choose Mifare card for storage.

2.5 THE SECURITY ISSUES OF E-VOTING

Foreign experience revealed that they are often confronted by security

issues while the electronic voting system is running. The origin of the

security issues happened was due to not only outsider (such as voters and

attackers) but also insider (such as system developers and

administrators), even just because the inheritance of some objects in the

source code are unsuitable. These errors caused the voting system

crashed.

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The proposed solutions were correspondingly outlined to hold back these

attacks. For example, to avoid hacker making incursion into the voting

system via network, we can design our system to transmit data without

network. Another example is to limit voter to input particular data, so

that preventing the command injection from running

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CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the source of data methods of collection, the evaluation of

the existing system and the organization structure of the system problem

are presented.

3.1. What is System Analysis?

A system is a collection of activities and elements organized to

accomplish a goal. In system analysis, data is collected about the present

system. The data is then analyzed and new requirements are determined.

System analysis is on determining the requirement for a new system.

Three tasks of this phone are gathering data, Analyzing the data, and

documenting the analyses.

Gathering data is done by observation, interviews, and

questionnaire and looking at documents, one of which is the

organization chart which shows an organizers foundations and

levels of management.

Analyzing data:- there are several tools for the analyzing of data

which includes checklist, decision tables and system flows charts

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Documenting system analysis. To document and to communicate

the finding of phase 2, a system analysis report is prepared for

higher management.

3.2. SYSTEM DESIGN.

In system design, new or alternative information is designed. This phase

consist of three tasks;

3.2.1 DESIGNING ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM

An alternative information system is designed and each alternative is

evaluating for:

(A). Economic feasibility – Costs and benefits, time for the system to

pay for (itself)

(B). Technical feasibility:- land ware and software reliability, available

training

(C). Operational feasibility:- the ability the system to work within the

organization

3.3 SELECTING THE BEST SYSTEM.

Question is considered when selecting the best system:-

1. Will the system fit into an overall information system?

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2. Will the system be flexible enough to be modified ad needed in

the feature?

3. Will it be secure against unauthorized use?

4. Will the systems benefit exceed its costs?

5. Writing the system design report:- this is to document and it

communicate the finding of phase 3, a system design report is

prepared for longer management.

3.4 SOURCE OF DATA

The original document which provide a reference for the new system. It

also provides a proper picture of what if happening in the voting system

(Nigeria).

3.5 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

(A) Studying of Procedures Manuals

Written documents on voting System (Nigeria) was read to obtain

information on how the system works. This form of date collection was

use full in the sense that it sealed light into the present voting system an

also enable the system.

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(B) Evaluation of forms.

These provide information that is required within a section of the system

and what is contained in. The printed output form shade more knowledge

on which department representatives receive each document and where it

is sent to after is has being uses.

(C) Interviewing of departmental representatives

After obtaining thorough understanding of preset system through

evaluation of present system through evaluation of forms and manuals .I

wert further to interview the representatives involve in the actual

operation of the system .These people explained more or the system and

the basic reliable because the system put into consideration the basic

flows.

3.6 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is a

nonpartisans Nigerian government agency charged with the conduct and

supervision of elections. In the late 1990s, the agency began modernizing

its information technology infrastructure by migrating from an outdated

legacy voting system heavily dependent on inaccurate paper records and

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polling cards to the newer Electronic voting system (EVS), at the heart of

EVS is the electronic voter register (EVR), which by capturing the names

of all eligible voters, eliminates duplication and there by minimizes

discrepancies in the electrode process. As such, EVR is viewed as a

means of ensuring free and fair elections in Nigeria. As part of the

modernization process. INEC needed to inventory and spatially locate the

agency’s 120,000 polling locations scattered around the country, these

locations and threat attributes needed to be linked to EVR.

GIS technology was identified as a potential solution to the problem, and

TTi limited (formerly Adorbel ltd.) a consultant responsible for the field

data collection and project management for INEC. Subcontracted Esri

Business part to design and implement a polling unit (PU) GIS. Geo-

imaging proposed integrating GIS, digital photography, and DBMS

technologies to create a data collection tool capable of capturing the X, Y

locations and images of existing polling units. Since the clients budget

constraints precluded the purchase of GIS software, the use of an

industry standard development environment to create an application with

GIS/mapping capabilities was also proposed. The application would then

be linked to EVR.

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3.7 PROBLEM OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

1. registration of candidates

2. preparation of polling list

3. counting of votes

4. operation threat

5. God-fatherism

6. selection not election

7. attitude to voting

8. too many party system

9. appointment of incredible individuals as INEC chairman

10.war and guns before and on the election day

11.bed management

12.buying of votes

13.less of life

14.security threats

15.cost

16.time

17.location of polling boxes

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3.8 SOLUTIONS OF THE EXISTING PROBLEM

(A). A sable solution to all these problem is the use of computerized

system (E-voting system) for high processing speed, minimum number of

staff

(B). Change of attitude by all- election anomalies that we all experience

now are rooted in attitude of all stakeholders in the electoral system.

Voters should change their attitude of believing in money polities.

(C). Credible election can be conducted by reforming the Nigeria

police force.

(D). Adoption of a tow party system.

(E). Appointment not credible individuals in to INEC

3.9 FLOWCHART AND SYSTEM FLOWCHART

Flowchart symbols are graphic tools in which symbols and shapes are

used to document the flow of control within a program or system. This

also involves use in the logical processing of the system. It shows the

step-by-step sequence of computer operations necessary in solving

problems.

The tow major types of flowchart include

1. the program flowchart

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2. the system flowchart

The re may be some variations on theses symbols are linked with

directed lines (lines with arrows) showing the flow of data through the

system.

Transactions are input, validated and sorted and then used to update a

master filer.

NOTE: - the arrows show the flow of data through the system. The

dotted line shows that the updated master file is then used as input for the

next update process. This is a pictorial representation of how the

hardware components work with the programs of the system. It uses

conventional system to represent its action and flow of control between

the hardware the hardware components as show below, yet flowchart

involves creating a flow model that illustrate and analyzes the overall

flow activities in producing a product or services.

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3.9.1 System Flowchart Symbols and Their Functions

Figure 3.1: system flowchart symbols

24

3.9.2 SYSTEM FLOWCHART OF THE PROJECT

Start

Welcome screen

Input password

Main Menu Form

Choose From Form List

Perform Operation

25

IsPassword

Ok ?

Stop

Error in Password

Figure 3. 2: Program flowchart

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION

System design is the process or art of defining the architecture,

components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy

specified requirements. One could see it as the application of system

theory to product, and development.

Systems design is therefore the process of defining and developing a

system to satisfy specified requirements of the market or customer. Until

the 1990s system design had a crucial and respected role in the data

processing industry. In the 1990s standardization of hardware and

software resulted in the ability to build modular system.

Object – oriented analysis and design methods are becoming the most

widely used methods for computer system design. The UML has become

the standard language used in Object- oriented analysis and design. It is

widely used for modeling software systems and is increasing used for

designing non-software systems and organizations.

After analysis, and discovering the problem of the existing system, there

is need to produces a new produce a new system, which will eliminate

26

these problems design. To carry out the design effectively, the following

steps are involved:

4.2 INPUT SPECIFICATION

In the input specification we made use of the keyboard to enter the

password, and user name which allows early if right and refuses when

wrong. We also made use of the keyboard to supply text, or number

through the application and supply text program when working with a

high- level program.

All other input data for the system execution are present at menu options

and is selected by sticking easily identifiable keys, example the arrows

keys, example the arrow keys the alphabetic character keys, enter and

escape keys.

4.3 OUTPUT SPECIFICATION

In this system, all outputs are retrieved from disk storage where

information resulting from both input and processing operations has been

previously stored.

In designing a system, one should bear in mind to minimize complexity

and platform. The output, specifications are identified below

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4.4 FILE SPECIFICATION

A file is a collection of related records. A record is a collection of

information about someone or something of interest. Record is made up

of fields. A field provides a specific item or data about the subject of a

record. The system made use of two files

i. The input file

ii. The output file

4.5 INPUT FILE

These are files previously, defined or created during processing of the

system. You text area on the existing screen. However, before doing

this it is important to note the following .

You enter the text simply by typing it on the keyboard, while the

insertion point (cursor) moves to the right as the character are typed.

When a wrong character is typed, you can delete this by using the

backspace key or using Del key when cursor is at the point of the text

4.6 OUTPUT FILES

These are files that contain information resulted from processing. We

have the previewing of a document file, and retrieving a file (i.e.

opening a saved document), previewing a document before printing. 28

You can use the print preview command to show how a document

will look when you print it. While you can’t edit text in print preview,

you can move headers and footers. To preview icon present there on

the menu or the file menu observation: you will notice that the page

where you can do one of the following;

Choose the print button in the print preview bar to print the document

or choose the button to return to the previous view of the document.

4.6.1 TO PRINT PART OF A DOCUMENT.

Follow the above steps, while in the page range box, select the current

page option button then click ok button.

4.6.2 RETRIEVING A FILE

Now that one have saved the document, you simply type with

analysis.doc, one can now retrieve (i.e. re- opening a file that was

previously saved) this file for processing, the processing of such file

may include editing, viewing, formatting e.t.c we can retrieve the said

file through the following procedures;

Select the open command from the toolbar or

Choose open the file menu or

Press (ALT, F, O) on the keyboard.

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Observation; one will observe that content of the selected file is

displayed on the screen for editing.

4.7 DATABASE SPECIFICATION

There is need to provide an efficient data storage procedure for

holding and securing critical information. This data storage module is

known as the data base. A database is an index computer data storage

and retrieval. The database management system (DBMS) creates and

packages the database. There are numerous DBMS technology

available today such as; ORACLE, MS ACCESS, SQL SEVER, and

so no. for this project, the DBMS used is the MS ACCESS. MS

ACCESS is the database editor of the popular Ms office

tools/Application, MS Access stores data or information in tables

which are structured into fields. The ms access database file for the

project is user INEC.mbd. It holds information on the administrator

user’s password.

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The database contains four tables

i. FED CANDIDATES: - This table holds the information for registered

candidates in the presidential category.

FIELD NAME DATA TYPEID AUTONUMBERFNAME TEXTINAME TEXTSTATE TEXTSEX TEXTPARTY TEXTVOTES NUMBERFigure 4.3: fed candidate table for the presidential category

ii. STATE CANDIDATES:- This table holds the information for

registered candidates in the Governorship category.

FIELD NAME DATA TYPEID AUTONUMBERFNAME TEXTINAME TEXTSTATE TEXTSEX TEXTPARTY TEXTVOTES NUMBER

Figure4. 4: state candidates table for the governorship category

iii. LOCAL CANDIDATES: - Table holds the information for registered

candidates in the chairman and counselors category.

FIELD NAME DATA TYPEID AUTONUMBERFNAME TEXT

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INAME TEXTSTATE TEXTSEX TEXTPARTY TEXTVOTES NUMBERFigure4. 5: local candidates table for the local category

iv. Voters:- This table holds information of registered voters

FIELD NAME DATA TYPEVOTERS ID TEXTPIN NUMBERFNAME TEXTINAME TEXTADDRESS TEXTSTATE TEXTSEX TEXVOTED NUMBER

Figure 4.6: voters registering table

4.9 SYSTEM FLOWCHART

This is a pictorial representation of how the hardware components work

with the programs of the system. It uses conventional symbols to

represent its action and flow of control between the hardware

components as show below, yet flowchart involves creating a flow model

that illustrate and analyzes the overall flow activities in producing a

product or services.

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Voter’s Registration Flowchart

Figure4. 7: Voter’s Registration Flowchart

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YES

Start

Enter Voters IDEnter NamesEnter Party

Enter State of origin

HasMat No

Been Registered?

Stop

NO

Error Message“Cannot

Register Twice”

Generate PIN code

Display PIN code

Process RegistrationDatabase

Generate Voters ID

Voting Process Flowchart

Figure4. 8: voter’s process flowchart

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No

Yes

Start

Enter Voters ID

And PIN

Is Login Correct

?

Allow toVote

Stop

Error Message“Cannot Vote

Twice”

Verify if the Voter

has Voted Before

Candidates Registration Form

Figure4.9: Candidates Registration Form

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Start

Enter NamesEnter Political partyEnter State of Origin

Stop

Process Registration

View Results Process

Figure 4.10: view result process

36

Start

Enter Username and Password

Is Login Correct?

Display Results

Yes

No

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT AND IMPLEMENT OF SYSTEM

SPECIFICATION

The purpose of this section is to highlight on the implementation

environment of the system. This covers the hardware and software

environments for the implementation phase of the system design and

development. A top-down design approach was used in structuring the

program. The system consists of modules and sub-modules which are

linked up to facilitate easy flow of data and control.

5.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

Software is a collection of programs or instructions written in any

computer language, which enables flexibility to do whatever the user

wants.

This package can only be run and developed with the following

minimum software requirements;-

a. Windows XP, Vista or Window 7

b. Visual Basic Compiler 6

c. Microsoft Access 2003 version

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5.2 SYSTEM SOFTWARE.

These are of software written by system programmers that interpret

instructions contained in the application software (program) and then

provide the basic instruction to the central processor so that the various

hardware units, which make up the computer system, can function as

desired or intended. Example is DOS.

System software manages and controls computer hardware so that

application software can perform a test. Operating systems, such as

Microsoft system software. System software contrasts with application

software, which is programmed that enable the end-user to perform

specific, productive tasks, such as word processing or image

manipulation.

System software performs tests like transferring date from memory to

disk, or rendering text onto a display device. Specific kinds of system

software include loading programs, operating systems device drivers,

programming tool compilers, assemblers, linkers, and utility software. If

system software is stored on non- volatile memory such as integrated

circuits, it is usually termed firmware. Which refers to the operating

38

system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a low

level.

5.3 APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software can be seen as end user software designed to

accomplish variety of task such as MS words. They are usually programs

or programming system available from a supplier that comes complete

ready to perform some defined tasks. Application software is a subclass

of computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly

and thoroughly to perform a task that the user wishes to perform.

5.4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

The system functions well with a good computer compatible with a hard

disk drive of 20GB. This is needed to save the program so that it can be

made available any time. It requires a visual display unit (VDU) of high

resolution and graphic ability for good display of all outputs.

A functional floppy dive is needed to be used as backup or disk in case

the programs served on hard disk is eventually destroyed by a virus. An

uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is needed to sustain power failure for

sometimes whenever PHCH puts of power supply.

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5.5 This software requires the following minimum hardware for its

development and running;

Pentium 266HZ – 566HZ

512MB RAM

14’ super video graphic adapter monitor (SVGA)

20GB of hard disk

A mouse or mouse sensitive used on laptops

Window XP, vista or window 7

Uninterrupted power supply (UPS), lasting for at least 24 hours.

5.6 LANGUAGE JUSTIFICATION

The visual basic 6 language is the language used in designing the

program for the system V.B.6.0 language offers the best in terms of its

availability, easy to understand good graphic ability, flexibility and

machine independence. The program can run in other versions i.e. 2003

and 2005 with little modification.

System selection to select a module (subsystem) when the main is

displayed on the screen, the cursor is passed to choose on optional and

enter to select it. If this is done, control is passed to the main program

after a subro9utine is completed depending on the task that needs to

40

be1accomplished by the user choosing the exit do terminate a subroutine,

this returns control to the calling program and to terminate the system is

by closing exit application from the main menu.

5.7 SUBSYSTEM SELECTION

Retrieving/ open a saved document.

With the file menu you can retrieve document into memory by clicking

the file menu’s open command you can also click on the icon on the

toolbar. When you click the open command, notepad displays the open

dialog box with a list of all the names of document to be retrieved. Notice

that the open dialog box has a text where you have the mouse pointer

already positioned.

You can type the name of the document to be retrieved other until you

get to your desired filename. To retrieve, click the open button. This is

just one of the several ways to open documents.

5.8 THE PRINT PREVIEW OPTION

Before printing your document (voting result) you may wish to have an

idea of how it will look when you finally print it. The print preview

feature is used to achieve this. In the print preview window, you can see

the overall appearance of one page, or all the pages. Previewing the

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document can save you time and paper, because it reduces the number of

times you print the document before it looks exactly the way you want.

To preview a document either click on the print preview button on the

standard toolbar or choose print preview from the file menu.

5.9 THE PRINT OPTION

You can click the print button on the standard toolbar to print the entire

document using default settings, or you can use the print command to

select different printing options.

5.10 REVIEW OF PROGRAM LANGUAGE IN USE

There are several Program language currently is used in school and they

include Q- BASIC, PASCAL, CH, C Visual Basic and Java etc.

However, this project was done to suit interacting processing rather than

batch processing, also immediately response expected from the computer

as output or feedback to the input in an online processing simplifies and

makes the work faster. It is a high-level language that can be translated

into a machine language and can be understood by most computers

easily.

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5.11 SYSTEM CONVERSION.

This involves the procedure used in changing from the old to the new

system and are;

* Direct Conversion:

The old system is continued and the new system becomes effectively

immediately.

* Phased Conversion:

The new system is implemented gradually over a period of time. The

entire implementation process is broken down into different process. This

phase ensures that the new system is fully in perfect operation before

discarding the old are completely.

* Pilot Conversion.

The new system (reverting) is tried out using the local government

selection first. Once the system is running smoothly in that part, then it is

implemented throughout the rest of the election in Nigeria

5.12 TESTING

During the design stage of the system, of the system was done to verify

its efficiency and resistance to deliberate errors. This can be done in toe

stages which include:-

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Unit testing – the performance of the individual parts are

examined using test data.

System testing – the parts are linked together and the test data is

used to see if the parts works together.

5.13 ACCESS

Use of right password

5.14 MENU SELECTION

The use of wrong keys for valid options

Press key randomly

Press keys which choice module is being loaded user’s data entry

Press keys randomly

Highlight with normal keys on keyboard

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CHAPTER SIX

6.0 CONCLUSIONS

To sum up, this project clarifies the requirements and key elements of E-

voting system, and my implementation provides the following features.

To begin with, the accuracy of voter’s identity and ballot card are

ensured with this voting system. Next, voter’s identities are not written in

the ballot card to protect voter’s privacy and confidentiality. This system

will validate whether the ballot card is authorized or not, to make sure

only legal user can vote, and voter’s authorities are limited in order to

prevent his violation. Furthermore, this system fits in with the parts of

principles proposed by IPI, including secrecy, non-coercibility, integrity,

and uniqueness.

But because of the limitation of incomplete laws and regulations,

absentee voting can’t be held. It still needs to be discussed in legislative

systems. In the future, to eliminate maladministration and human

destruction, setting up a strongly secure E-voting system is necessary. It

can speed up the electoral procedures, make ballot counting

efficaciously, and use resource effectively.

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6.1 RECOMMENDATION

Having seen the problem encountered in using the old system of voting,

the following are recommends.

I recommend that INEC should employ this system of E-voting and the

staffs that will be handing this software package be given training on

computer bases on how to use the new system.

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