ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL PLANTS OF IP

COMMUNITIES: SOCSARGEN EXPERIENCE

Non, Maria Luisa1; Martin, Tres Tinna1; Obemio, Christine Dawn1;

Lanojan, Rhumer1; Librando-Descallar, Angem1

1Science Department, Mindanao State University General Santos City

Funded by: Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR)

Prospecting for Bioactive Components from

Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous

People’s (IP) Groups in the SOCSARGEN

Region Through

Ethno-botanical Approach

Objective

Document the ethnomedicinal knowledge,

practices and resource assessment in the T’boli,

Ubo and B’laan communities of SOCSARGEN

prospecting for bioactive components from

traditional medicinal plants.

o Describe the ethnomedicinal practices of the IP communities

– Disease/s treated

– Method of preparation

– Method of application

– Plant part used

o Resource assessment of floral species with ethnomedicinal value.

o Identify the informants level of consensus and the use value in the use

of plants for disease treatment from among the three IP communities

o Validation of ethno-medicinal claim using appropriate assay

METHOD

METHOD

Reconnaissance survey

Permit application

Interview of KIs and other respondents

Focus group discussion

Participatory Rural

Appraisal

Semi-structured

interview

Name of plant

Disease treated

Method of

preparation

Route of application

Plant part used

Availability/scarcity

Source of collection

Interview and Field collection

Sales

MALE

FEMALE

10% MALE (farmers, kaingeros)

90% FEMALE (housewives)

Age range of respondent 25-85 years old

Common household ailments

Women’s health

Serious medical condition

• members of the community

• hilot/kumadrona

• traditional healer

Cause of diseases is either personalistic or naturalistic.

Spirituality in the efficacy of floral resources as medicine.

Traditional medicine still persist because

• Resources are available nearby

• most members of the communities find allopathic

medicine expensive

• Limited access to health care.

Preference for a particular floral resources for treating

illness influenced by accessibility to and availability of

resources.

Communities with better access to allopathic health care

generally utilize diverse sources of plant medicine

without consensus.

Plant part used

Method of preparation

Route of application

130 identified plant species

62 unidentified species

distributed in 39 families

dominant families:

Lamiaceae (8%)

Compositae (6.45%)

Fabaceae (6.45%)

Solanaceae (6.45%).

• Common

household

diseases

• Women’s health

• Serious medical

condition

Source of

collectionAvailability/

scarcity

Backyard

Forest

Common/

abundant

Scarce/rare

Identification of medicinal plants

Data analysis using ICF and Use Value

Community validation of ethno-medicinal information

154 plants

treating

44 types of

ailments/

diseases

classified into

16 disease

categories

Ethno-medicinal

Assessment

FIC = Nur – Nt / (Nur – 1)

Where,

Nur = number of use reports from informants

for a particular plant-use category;

Nt = number of

taxa or species that are used for that plant

use category for all informants.

Informant Consensus Factor

Table 1. Informant Consensus in the Use of Medicinal Plants

Among B’laans in the Treatment of Various Diseases.

Disease Category List of Diseases Plants ICF

A. Respiratory Disease cough, colds Gan, Tawa-tawa, Caimito/Santol, Gabon, Kalabo,

Mayana, Damay, Oregano

0.00

B. Gastro-intestinal and internal

parasites

Vomiting, diarrhea, stomachache Dila-dila, Slotura, Kape, Star apple, Mangga,

Madre Cacao, hilbas, guava, santol, avocado,

babana, milagrosa, caimito, narra

-0.0833

C. Musculo-skeletal and Other

Pains

Body pain/Muscle pain, toothache Maltaan, tugas, banganga 0

D. Dermatological Problems Itchiness Madre Cacao 1

E. Eye and Ear Related Sore eyes Tawa-tawa 0

F. Genitourinary System Related

Reproductive problem, Sikalid, Sloan, Kayu Mlato 0

G. Antidotes Dog & Snake Bites Sagbot, Malunggay-Malunggay, Tawal-ulad 0

H. Weakness Relapse/bughat Tanabog, Tugas, Coconut, Boli, Lagnob -0.2

I. Infectious and transmitted

disease

Dengue Tawa-tawa 1

J. Cardiovascular Problems Bleeding Tanabog, Dalupang 0

K. Cuts and wounds Wound healing, wound

disinfectant, swelling

Bulak-bulak, Gapas-gapas, Guava, Saging, Bugo,

balanghoy, madre de cacao

0.22

L. Fever and Headache Fever, headache Tawa-tawa, Guava, Gabon, Lagnob, Gan,

Balanghoy, Tanabog, alam

0

Table 2. Informant Consensus in the Use of Medicinal Plants

Among Ubo in the Treatment of Various Diseases.

Disease Categories Disease Plants ICF

A. Respiratory Problems cough, pneumonia,

tuberculosis

matabulan, t'le t'langas, lomenge, katae, tawa-tawa 0.818

B. Gastro-intestinal and intestinal

parasites

stomachache, severe mouth

sore, gas pain, diarrhea

buyo-buyo, bletang, sewak, totu ugong, lomenge 0.818

C. Musculo-skeletal problems toothache, rheumatism,

muscle pains

tamduk ngehe, tamlang, blakan ibid, sanakwen,

bako uho, bako somblino, ben

0.769

D. Dermatological Problems boils, ringworm d'ludo, kesongi, b'lol, miango, mataan 0.809

E. Eye and ear related sore eyes tawa-tawa 1

F. Genito-urinary system after giving birth,

dysmenorrhea, kidney

problem

tekulo, lembet bong, b’litang 0.777

G. Neurologic disorder migraine, difficulty of

sleeping, epilepsy, nausea

fuhaw, matungo, cabo negro, lamibu 0.842

H. Antidotes snake bites b'lata 1

I. Cancer related breast cancer Damay 1

J. Weakness Bughat, kabuhi Kaningel, Blutong blatan, bletan, kesowa 0.8

K. Infectious and transmitted

diseases

chicken pox, german

measles, hepatitis, dengue

tino, kamate semala, banal, tawa-tawa 0.833

L. cardiovascular problems elephantiasis, anemia,

nosebleed.

lumato, buk, medyu, koti, komungu 0.666

M. Cuts and wounds severe and minor wound k'taas, bulokbukay 0.875

N. Fever and Headache Headache, fever, chill Sakon mison, klong’lan 0.846

O. Devil sickness evil in the spring, buyag,

spirit of the mountain

banga-banga, bloh, tebalao 0.857

P. Miscellaneous facilitate eruption of baby's

teeth, facial wipes, to ward

off snakes, facial, hair

grower

cogon , fet, tamlang, t'long, lumot, 0.795

Table 3. Informant Consensus in the Use of Medicinal Plants Among

T’boli in the Treatment of Various Diseases.

•

Disease Category List of Disease Plant Used ICF

A. Respiratory Disease Cough Mayana, Kyubog, Lagundi, Aritis-aritis 0.4

B. Gastro-intestinal and internal

parasites

Gastric Illness, stomachache,

diarrhea, deworming

Mansanitas, Guava, Tawa-tawa, Mayana, Aritis-

aritis, Dila-dila, Saging, Mama

0.36

C. Musculo-skeletal and Other

Pains

body pain/muscle pain,

spasm, toothache

Buyo, Kataes, Gabon, Kataka-taka, Toothache

Plant

0.2

D. Dermatological Problems Itchiness, allergies, boils,

insect repellant, ap-ap

Asunting, Luya, Kyubog, Sitaw, Aritis-aritis,

tobacco, Papaya

0.00

E. Eye and Ear Related Sore eyes, buog, Pinya, Tawa-tawa, talong 0

F. Genito-urinary system related

problems

Easy delivery, bleeding after

delivery, relapse, breast pain,

Lawaan, Falso Mangayano, Caraba Grass, Koko

unbaya, Kluon Waya, Tawatawa, Kuyo Iwas,

Munot, Fet, Sampa-samplalukan, Kayu Mlato,

sagingm papaya

0.3333

G. Neurologic disorders Paralysis Luya 0

H. Antidotes Rabies Bawang, Sili, Papaya, Kluon Waya -0.5

I. Cancer Related

J. Weakness Fainting, weakness Lawaan, lomongoy 0.16667

K. Infection Dengue, chicken pox, malaria,

leprosy

Tawa-tawa, coconut, aritis-aritis, kyubog 0.2

L. Cardiovascular System Related

problem

High Blood Pressure, anemia Lawaan, Tanglad, Kamote, Ampalaya -0.5

M. Wound Healing Wound bleeding, wound

healing, swelling

Malunggay, Kadias, Gabon, Saging, Hagonoy,

Kluon Koda, Kluon Waya, Konowon, Flangwa, Beg

Talaas

-0.09

N. Urinary Problem Kidney Kape/Mangga 0

O. Devil Sickness Barang Lawaan, Kataes 0

P. Miscellaneous Fever, headache, crying of

baby

Luya, Tawa-tawa, Saging, Sampa-sampalukan 0.25

Medicinal plants with the highest efficacy as claimed by the IP

groups

Plant

Disease/Condition

Addressed as

claimed by IPs

IP Groups

Blobo (Diplodiscus paniculatus) fever, body pains T’boli

Blok Bukay (Mentha suavolens) minor wounds Obo

Damay (Acalypha deamii) breast cancer Obo

Hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) wound healing Obo

Kaningel (Cinnamomum mindanaense) Pain T’boli, Obo

Kataes (Caladium spp.) severe wounds,

body/muscle pain,

tuberculosis

Obo, T’boli,

B’laan

K’nowol (Dendrocnide meyeniana) wound healing T’boli

Lumot (Lycopodium clavatum) facial cleanser,

antiseptic

Obo

Simbolo (Canarium strictum) fever, relapse,

body pain

T’boli

Bulek lumenge/toothache plant

(Acmelia grandefolia)

toothache T’boli,Obo,

Blaan

Tamlang (Schefflera orodata Blanco) toothache, facial

cleanser

Obo

Ethno-botanical Assessment

Phytochemical AnalysesPlant Crude Extract

Secondary Metabolites

Alkaloids

Steroids Flavonoids

Saponins

Tannins and Phenolic

Compounds

2-deoxy

sugars

Unsat.

sterols

Leuco-

anthocyanins

Alpha-

benzopyroneTannins

Hydrolyzable

tannins or

polyphenols

Schefflera orodata

Blanco + - + - + - - -

Hyptis capitata Jacq. + - - - - - - +

Diplodiscus

paniculatus + - + - + - - -

Cyathea contaminans

(Hook.) Copel +++ + - - - - - -

Cinnamomum

mindanaense - + - + + - + +

Dracontomelon dao - + - - - - - -

Caladium spp. - + - - - + - -

Wedelia trilobata

(flower) +++ + - - + - - +

Wedelia

trilobata(leaf) - + - - - + - -

Lycopodium

clavatum L. + + - + - - -

Sida rhombifolia L. + + - - - - + +

Canarium strictum + - + - - - - -

Bassia latifolia

Roxb.) - - - - - - - -

Dendrocnide

meyeniana (leaf) - + - + + - + -

Dendrocnide

meyeniana (bark) - + - + + - + +

Damay (Acalypha

deamii) + + - - - - - -

Plants LC50 (ppm)

Schefflera orodata Blanco Leaf

(Tamlang)13.6

Diplodiscus paniculatus Leaf

(Blobo)

18.3

Cinnamomum mindanaense Bark

(Kaningel)

14.6

Acmella grandifolia flower

(Bulek lumenge)

12.0

Lycopodium clavatum L.Whole

plant

(Lumot)

15.2

Mentha suaveolens Leaf

(Bolok bukay) 21.3

Median Lethal Dose using BSLT

Plant Extract*Antioxidant

Activity

EC50

(µg/ml)

Schefflera orodata Blanco

(Tamlang)Active 4.21

Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz

(Blobo)Very Active 1.01

Lycopodium clavatum Linn. (Lumot) Active 5.52

Cinnamomum mindanaense

(Kaningel)Very active 3.74

All plants withflavonoids and tannins

DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity

Diplodiscus paniculatus

Local Name B’lobo

Source of

Information

Tboli

Availability Rare

Usage Bark decoction is taken orally to

treat different type of diseases such

as relapse, fever, body pains.

Phytochemical

Profile

Alkaloids

Steroids

Flavonoids

Pharmaco-

toxicological

Properties

Active anti-oxidant property EC50:

1.01;

Anti-spasmodic activity;

LC50 = 18.3

Cinnamomum mindanaense

Local Name Kaningel

Source of

Information

Tboli

Availability Rare

Usage Bark decoction is taken orally to

treat different type of diseases such

as relapse, fever, body pains.

Phytochemical

Profile

Steroids

Flavonoids

Tannins

Polyphenols

Pharmaco-

toxicological

Properties

Very active anti-oxidant property

EC50: 4.21;

Angio-suppressive activity;

Anti-hemorrhagic

LC50 = 14.6

Lycopodium clavatum

Local

Name

Lumot

Source of

Information

Obo

Availability common

Usage Pounding of the whole plant and

applied topically in the face for

facial purposes.

Phytochemical

Profile

Alkaloids

Steroids

Flavonoids

Pharmaco-

toxicological

Properties

Active anti-oxidant property EC50:

5.52;

Angio-suppressive activity;

LC50 = 15.2

Acmella grandifolia

Local Name Bulek lumenge/

toothache plant

Source of

Information

Obo, Blaan, Tboli

Availability Common

Usage Flowers are placed on the

impacted tooth for pain relief.

Phytochemical

Profile

Alkaloids

Steroids

Flavonoids

Polyphenols

Pharmaco-

toxicological

Properties

Very active anti-bacterial property;

LC50 = 12.0

Mentha suaveolens

Local Name Bulok Bukay

Source of

Information

Obo

Availability Herb

Usage Extraction of leaves are applied

externally in minor wounds.

Phytochemical

Profile

Alkaloids

Steroids

Flavonoids

Pharmaco-

toxicological

Properties

Active antibacterial property;

LC50 = 21.3

Local Name Tamlang

Source of

Information Obo

Availability commonly encountered

Usage Leaves are wiped directly on the

face (for women); for men, used as

"anting-anting"; Juice of pounded

roots is given applied in an aching

tooth.

Phytochemical

Profile

Alkaloids

Steroids

Flavonoids

Pharmaco-

toxicological

Properties

Active anti-oxidant property EC50:

4.21

LC50 = 13.6

Schefflera orodata Blanco

Conclusion

This study confirms the potential of six (6) ethnomedicinal plants

utilized by three (3) IP groups in SOCSARGEN, the Blaan’s, Tboli’s and

Obo’s as source of novel antibiotic, and anti-aging drug constituents.

Canarium strictum (simbolo), Cinnamomum mindanaense (kaningel),

Schefflera orodata Blanco (Tamlang), Mentha suaveolens (bulok-

bukay), Acmella grandifolia (bulek lumenge/toothache plant) and D.

paniculatus (blobo) have presented remarkable single or multiple

pharmaco-toxicological profiles in congruence with IP claims. Moreover,

the development of drugs and natural products from these plant sources

would still require further pre-clinical screenings.

The use of ICF and Use Value

in conservation management

UV = U/n

Where, • U = number of times a

species is cited

• n = total number of

informants

Use Value

Disease Categories

Total number of

citation

Total number of

species used

ICF value

A. Respiratory disease 52 30 0.43B. Gastric related 48 29 0.40C. Osteomuscular and other pains 40 18 0.56D. Skin disease 25 14 0.46E. Eye and ear related 12 5 0.64F. Reproductive system related 54 42 0.23G. Nervous system related 20 15 0.26H. Antidotes 21 8 0.65I. Cancer related 6 6 0.00J. Weakness 3 3 0.00K. Infection 21 15 0.30L. Circulatory system related 17 14 0.19M. Wound 22 10 0.57N. Urinary problem 18 10 0.47O. Devil sickness 6 5 0.20P. Miscellaneous 17 13 0.25

Brgy. Tablu Scientific name number use

citation

use value

Caningag Cinnamomummercadoi

5 0.71

Saging tondan Musa paradisiaca v. tondan

3 0.43

Tawa-tawa Euphorbia hirta 3 0.43

Tuba-Tuba Jatropa curcas 3 0.43

Tuog Petersianthusquadrialatus

3 0.43

Brgy. Kablon Scientific name number use

citation

use value

Banana Musa paradisiaca 6 0.5

Tawa-tawa Euphorbia hirta 6 0.5

Tawal-ulad Microsmelumcompressum Blanco

Merr

5 0.42

Yakun Smallanthussonchifolius

5 0.42

Brgy. Landan Scientific name number use

citation

use value

Niyog Cocos nucifera 13 1

Tawal-ulad Microsmelumcompressum Blanco

Merr.

11 0.84

Banana Musa paradisiaca 7 0.54

Toothache plant

6 0.46

Tapul luy-a Zingiber officinale 6 0.46

C. Osteomuscular

and other pains

Caningag

Tawal-ulad

Tuba-tuba

E. Eye and ear related

Niyog

Tawal-ulad

H. Antidotes

Tawal-ulad

M. Wound

Banana

Rare/Moderate

Caningag

Tawal-ulad

abundant

Tuba-tuba

Banana

Niyog

CULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT MEDICINAL PLANTS:

IMPLICATION IN CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

Caningag

(Cinnamomum mercadoi )

Tawal-ulad

(Microsmelum compressum Blanco Merr.)

Tuba-tuba (Jatropha curcas L.)

Niyog (Cocos nucifera)

Saging (Musa spp)

bong salamat!

Bong salamat!