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Background• Lost Decade for ASM (2000s), Policy-Wise
• CASM went nowhere• Momentum gone• Starting from scratch• The academic space opened
• Formalization – don’t know what we are dealing with yet!
• Different Landscape:• Post structural adjustment• New policy paradigm (PRSPs and SDGs)• New ideas unpacked (ASM-farming linkages, how SAPs have shaped the sector)
Background• Policy Machinery Designed without knowing what ASM is about• MDGs and SDGs• If we recognized what ASM was would we…
• Implement those licensing schemes?• Give out land to large-scale miners and mineral exploration companies?
• No insertion; need to unravel
Background1. Landscape of ASM in Africa‘entrepreneurship’ (platform for wealth creation)• How do you intend to make this happen?• Finance• Taxation• Link to Licensing
• Who are you financing?• Different scales• Different commodities• Different policy treatment
Background2. ASM Profile and Country Profile• Integrated rural livelihoods• Informality
Background3. Overview of the ASM Legal and Fiscal Regimes in Africa and Comparisons of ASM legal frameworks
- Reforms
- Land availability and licensing
- Large-scale partnerships
Background4. ASM Licensing in selected African countries
• ‘The other’?
• More on tax
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ Formalization
• Verbrugge, B., Besmanos, B. Formalizing artisanal and small-scale mining: Whither the workforce? (2016) Resources Policy, 47, pp. 134-141.
• Damonte, G.H. The "Blind" State: Government Quest for Formalization and Conflict with Small-Scale Miners in the Peruvian Amazon (2016) Antipode Article in Press.
• Verbrugge, B. The Economic Logic of Persistent Informality: Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in the Southern Philippines(2015) Development and Change, 46 (5), pp. 1023-1046.
• Teschner, B.A. "Orpaillage pays for everything": How artisanal mining supported rural institutions following Mali's coup d'état (2014) Futures, 62, pp. 140-150.
• Van Bockstael, S. The persistence of informality: Perspectives on the future of artisanal mining in Liberia (2014) Futures, 62, pp. 10-20.
• Geenen, S., Radley, B. In the face of reform: What future for ASM in the eastern DRC? (2014) Futures, 62, pp. 58-66. • Geenen, S. A dangerous bet: The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2012)
Resources Policy, 37 (3), pp. 322-330. • Maconachie, R., Hilson, G. Safeguarding livelihoods or exacerbating poverty? Artisanal mining and formalization in West Africa
(2011) Natural Resources Forum, 35 (4), pp. 293-303.
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ • Jønsson, J.B., Fold, N. Mining 'from below': Taking Africa's artisanal miners seriously (2011) Geography Compass, 5 (7), pp.
479-493.
• Siegel, S., Veiga, M.M. Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of "formalization" (2009) Resources Policy, 34 (1-2), pp. 51-56.
• Banchirigah, S.M. Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: A perspective from the grassroots(2008) Resources Policy, 33 (1), pp. 29-38.
• Hilson, G., Maponga, O. How as a shortage of census and geological information impeded the regularization of artisanal and small-scale mining?(2004) Natural Resources Forum, 28 (1), pp. 22-33.
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ Social Issues (child labour, women’s participation, etc.)
• Maconachie, R., Hilson, G. Re-Thinking the Child Labor "Problem" in Rural sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Sierra Leone's Half Shovels (2016) World Development, 78, pp. 136-147.
• André, G., Godin, M. Child labour, agency and family dynamics: The case of mining in Katanga (DRC) (2014) Childhood, 21 (2), pp. 161-174.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jønsson, J.B., Verbrugge, H. For Richer, for Poorer: Marriage and Casualized Sex in East African Artisanal Mining Settlements(2014) Development and Change, 45 (1), pp. 79-104.
• Hilson, G. Family Hardship and Cultural Values: Child Labor in Malian Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities (2012) World Development, 40 (8), pp. 1663-1674.
• Hilson, G. Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana (2010) Development and Change, 41 (3), pp. 445-473
• Armah, F.A., Boamah, S.A., Quansah, R., Obiri, S., Luginaah, I. Working conditions of male and female artisanal and small-scale goldminers in Ghana: Examining existing disparities (2015) Extractive Industries and Society, . Article in Press.
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ • Rustad, S.A., Østby, G., Nordås, R. Artisanal mining, conflict, and sexual violence in Eastern DRC (2015) Extractive Industries and Society. Article in Press.
• Lahiri-Dutt, K. The Feminisation of Mining (2015) Geography Compass, 9 (9), pp. 523-541.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jonsson, J.B., Verbrugge, H. Prostitution or partnership? Wifestyles in Tanzanian artisanal gold-mining settlements (2013) Journal of Modern African Studies, 51 (1), pp. 33-56.
• Malpeli, K.C., Chirico, P.G. The influence of geomorphology on the role of women at artisanal and small-scale mine sites (2013) Natural Resources Forum, 37 (1), pp. 43-54.
• Yakovleva, N. Perspectives on female participation in artisanal and small-scale mining: A case study of Birim North District of Ghana (2007) Resources Policy, 32 (1-2), pp. 29-41.
• Hinton, J.J., Veiga, M.M., Beinhoff, C. Women, mercury and artisanal gold mining: Risk communication, and mitigation (2003) Journal De Physique. IV : JP, 107 (I), pp. 617-620.
• Maconachie, R., Hilson, G. Re-Thinking the Child Labor "Problem" in Rural sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Sierra Leone's Half Shovels (2016) World Development, 78, pp. 136-147.
• André, G., Godin, M. Child labour, agency and family dynamics: The case of mining in Katanga (DRC) (2014) Childhood, 21 (2), pp. 161-174.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jønsson, J.B., Verbrugge, H. For Richer, for Poorer: Marriage and Casualized Sex in East African Artisanal Mining Settlements (2014) Development and Change, 45 (1), pp. 79-104.
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ • Hilson, G. Family Hardship and Cultural Values: Child Labor in Malian Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities (2012) World
Development, 40 (8), pp. 1663-1674.
• Hilson, G. Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana (2010) Development and
Change, 41 (3), pp. 445-473.
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ Livelihoods
• Maconachie, R. Dispossession, exploitation or employment? Youth livelihoods and extractive industry investment in Sierra Leone (2014) Futures, 62, pp. 75-82.
• Maconachie, R. Re-agrarianising livelihoods in post-conflict Sierra Leone? Mineral wealth and rural change in artisanal and small-scale mining communities (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1054-1067.
• Kamlongera, P.J. Making the poor 'poorer' or alleviating poverty? Artisanal mining livelihoods in rural Malawi (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1128-1139.
• Cartier, L.E., Bürge, M. Agriculture and artisanal gold mining in Sierra Leone: Alternatives or complements? (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1080-1099.
• Perks, R. 'Can I go?'-exiting the artisanal mining sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1115-1127.
• Pijpers, R. When diamonds go bust: Contextualising livelihood changes in rural Sierra Leone (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1068-1079.
Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’ • Hilson, G., Garforth, C. 'Everyone Now is Concentrating on the Mining': Drivers and Implications of Rural Economic Transition
in the Eastern Region of Ghana (2013) Journal of Development Studies, 49 (3), pp. 348-364.
• Hilson, G., van Bockstael, S. Poverty and Livelihood Diversification in Rural Liberia: Exploring the Linkages between Artisanal Diamond Mining and Smallholder Rice Production (2012) Journal of Development Studies, 48 (3), pp. 413-428.
• Maconachie, R. Re-agrarianising livelihoods in post-conflict Sierra Leone? Mineral wealth and rural change in artisanal and small-scale mining communities (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1054-1067.
• Hilson, G. 'Once a miner, always a miner': Poverty and livelihood diversification in Akwatia, Ghana (2010) Journal of Rural Studies, 26 (3), pp. 296-307.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jønsson, J.B. Gold Digging Careers in Rural East Africa: Small-Scale Miners' Livelihood Choices (2010) World Development, 38 (3), pp. 379-392. Banchirigah, S.M., Hilson, G. De-agrarianization, re-agrarianization and local economic development: Re-orientating livelihoods in African artisanal mining communities(2010) Policy Sciences, 43 (2), pp. 157-180.
