Improving the Production of Organically Grown Vegetables

Ramon Magsaysay Center for Agricultural Resources and Environment Studies, Central Luzon State University

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Ellen S. Romero and Fe L. Porciuncula

May 24, 2016

ORGANIKONG PAGSASAKA

Ito ay isang sistema ng pagtatanim sa pamamagitan ng organikong pamamaraan.

Organic Inputs – refers to any

sort of substance used by a

producer for soil fertility

management or for pest control.

For example, inputs may

include soil amendments like

lime, mineral, calcium, compost

(Organic fertilizer and

vermicompost), plant and fruit

juice extracts.

Some farmers may use animal

by-products like fish emulsion,

fishmeal, blood meal, bone

meal or meat meal.

are solution of water soluble compound thathelps that the plant to grow healthy.

EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC

LIQUID SUPPLEMENTS

1. Plant Extracts

2. Fruit Juices

3. Fish Amino Acid

4. Manure Tea

5. Vermi Tea

6. Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum (LABS)

7. Calcium Phosphate (Ca Phos)

Organic Liquid Supplements

Fermented Plant Juice

Extract (FPJ)

is a liquid fertilizer made

from natural plant

materials.

It is produced through

fermentation of plant

leaves, grasses, auxiliary

buds and/or young fruits.

Benefits of Using FPJ

Supply nutrients to the

plants that helps maintain

vigor in plants and

resistance against pests.

It promotes beneficial

microbial activities in the

soil.

It also helps to improve

soil quality and fertilityhttp://www.freewebs.com/jumblebox/blogF/jumbleblog/fe

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1

Range of plants that can be used as FPJ

100,000-150,000

yeasts and bacteria

Mungbean

KakawateCamote tops

Katuray

Kangkong

Malunggay

Ipil-Ipil

Mungbean

KakawateC:N Ratio Total N P2O5 K2O

22.6 1.5-2 0.51 1.52

100,000 to 150,000

Weigh 1 kg of kakawate leaves and shoots, then chop

Add molasses at a ratio of 1:1

After a week, put the mixture in a fine cloth,then squeeze.

Put the kakawate extract in a dark bottle. The fermented extract is now ready to use.

FERMENTED KAKAWATE EXTRACT PREPARATION (FPJ)

Put the mixture in a clay pot or plastic container, cover and ferment for 7 days

Fermented Fruit Juice Extract (FFJ) is prepared in a

similar manner to fermented plant juice (FPJ).It is used

as foliar spray or drench to enhance fruit quality.

Benefits of Using FFJ

1. A good source of potassium which can

speed up plant’s absorption and results

to sweeter tasting fruits.

2. Helps maintain vigor in plants and

resistance against pests.

3. Adds to soil fertility and the advent of good colonies of microorganisms.

2

Range of plants that can be used as FFJ

Squash Banana

Mango Papaya

Fermented Banana Extract Preparation (FFJ)

Weigh 1 kg of ripe banana fruit without peel then chop

Add 1 kg molasses. Mix

After 7days, put the mixture in a fine cloth,then squeeze on the juice.

Put the banana extract in a dark bottle. Do not tighten the cap to allow aeration and prevent build up of pressure. The fermented fruit extract will be your stock solution as Potassium source

Put the mixture in a clay pot or plastic container, cover and ferment for 7 days

Fish Amino Acid (FAA) are entrails from fishes

Benefits of Using FAA

1. A good source of nitrogen

2. Serves as “growth hormone” for plant growth and

development

3. Used as foliar spray

4. Food of microorganisms

3

FISH AMINO

ACID (FAA)

PREPARATION

Put the mixture in a fine

cloth, and

squeeze on the juice.

Weigh 1 kg of fresh

uncooked tilapia

entrails.

Add 1 kg of molasses. Mix.

Put the mixture in a clay pot,

cover and ferment for 2

monthsPut extract in a dark bottle. The fermented fish extract is will be your stock

solution as Nitrogen and

Potassium source.

Application of FPJ, FFJ and FAA

1. Mix 50 ml of the extracts per liter of clean water.

2. Spray on the leaves of plants using a clean sprayer

or drench on the soil every 10 days after planting

until two weeks after the last harvest.

3. Spray early in the morning at 4:00am—6:00 am or

in the afternoon at 5:00pm until sunset when the

microorganism are very active.

N (%) P (%) K (%)

Vegetative Stage 60 20 20

Flowering Stage 20 20 60

Nutrient

FAA

Months

1 2 3 4 5 6

N, % 0.45 0.36 0.39 0.25 0.27 0.27

P2O5, % 0.05 0.03 0.25 0.04 0.03 0.07

K2O, % 2.36 2.19 1.83 1.85 1.66 1.32

pH 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.4

Na, % 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.16

Zn, ppm 9.06 54.37 22.54 3.48 5.11 4.80

Cu, ppm 4.26 26.05 11.86 3.22 5.11 7.20

Mn,ppm 21.96 9.87 13.37 8.64 3.59 3.63

Fe, ppm 218.0 175.0 172.0 114.0 98.83 101.0

Shelf-life Studies on the nutrient analysis of the

different fermented extracts

Gather and weigh 30 kg of partially decomposed carabao manure

Put the manure in a sack, then tightly tie the sack

Put the tightly tied sack in a container. Fill the container with 120 liters of water, then put a cover and let it

ferment for 7 days

After 7 days, remove the sack in the container and

the fermented manure tea is ready

for use

FERMENTED MANURE TEA PREPARATION

4

Application of Manure Tea

Spray the manure tea into the soil andplant using ordinary sprayer, at 10 DATand repeat at weekly intervals.

EVALUATION

Initial Results of Analysis

Extracts %N %P2O5 %K2O TOTAL

FPJ 0.40 0.05 2.63 3.08

FFJ 0.32 0.04 2.64 3.00

Fish Amino

Acid0.62 0.69 2.10 3.41

Mungbean 0.74 0.06 2.02 2.82

Soybean 0.91 0.07 1.94 2.92

Laboratory Experiment

Banana Extract

FFJ

ExtractsColony forming units (cfu’s)

X10-3 X10-4 X10-5 X10-6 X10-7

Banana 44 15 21 3 0

Mango 29 3 1 0 0

Squash 81 18 3 4 1

FPJ TNTC TNTC 231 97 34

FFJ TNTC TNTC 164 142 133

FAA TNTC 142 17 1 4

FIELD EXPERIMENT

are certain types of pesticides

derived from such natural

materials as animals, plants,

bacteria, and certain minerals.

BIO-PESTICIDES

Range of plants that can be used as botanical extracts

Marigold Yellow Ginger

Fire plant

Kakawate

Hot

pepperNeem

Garlic Sweet basilNative ginger

Marigold Yellow Ginger

Fire plant

Kakawate

Hot pepper

Garlic BasilNative gingerOregano

Result of Research Conducted at RM CARES

Table 1. Effect of botanical extracts on yield of pechay

Treatment Application

rate (ml/li of water)

Weight of marketable

plant/ 1m2 (g)

Weight of non-

marketable plant/ 1m2 (g)

Yield (t/ha)

Garlic 50 1.2b 412.0ab 12.3b

Native ginger 50 1.4b 320.0abc 13.7b

Kangkong 50 1.3b 264.0bc 12.6b

Kakawate 50 2.3a 188.0c 22.5a

Hot pepper 50 1.4b 296.0abc 13.7b

Control (untreated) - 0.8c 200.0c 8.0c

Table 2. Effect of different botanical extract and EYCO combined with hotpepper on the population of insects and yield on string beans.

Treatment Leaf

Hopper

28 Spotted Beetle

Marketable Pods (3m2)Computed Yield (t/ha)Number Weight (kg)

Organic soap + Hot pepper

136c

(20.0%)3bc

(70.0%)239d

(0.8%)27.0c

(1.9%)5.4c

(1.9%)

EYCO + Hot pepper 145b

(14.7%)2cd

(80.0%)326a

(27.3%)38.0a

(30.3%)7.6a

(30.3%)

Kakawate + Hot pepper

136c

(20.0%)5b

(50.0%)339a

(30.1%)38.5a

(31.1%)7.7a

(31.1%)

Kangkong + Hot pepper

129d

(24.1%)5b

(50.0%)304b

(22.0%)36.7a

(27.8%)7.3a

(27.8%)

Fish emulsion + Hot pepper

140b

(17.6%)0d

(100%)286c

(17.1%)33.6b

(21.1%)6.7b

(21.1%)

Control (untreated) 170a 10a 237d 26.5c 5.3c

Put in a blender, add water at a ratio of 1:1, then blend.

Weigh 1 kg of hot pepper, then chop.

Put the mixture in a fine cloth, then squeeze.

Put the hot pepper extract in a dark bottle. The extract is now ready to use.

Hot Pepper Extract Preparation

Weigh 1 kg of yellow ginger and 250 g hot pepper. Crush or chop the yellow

ginger and hot pepper,

Mix the nutrients and put them in a clayjar or plastic container, then add 1 kg ofmolasses.

then grind using a blender

After 3 days, add 2.5 liters of gin or lambanog. Keep thejar closed and sealed. After another 2 days, squeeze thesolid particles using fine cloth. Put in a bottle and theOHN is ready to use.

Fermented Oriental Herbal Nutrient (OHN) Using Yellow Ginger and Hot Pepper

Biopesticide Rate of Application Target Insects

Hot pepper 50 ml/li of H2O Leaf eating insects, ants, aphids, caterpillars, flies, mealybugs, armyworm, whitefly, diamond back moth, sucking and chewing insects, spotted beetles

Kakawate 50 ml/li of H2O Armyworm, cabbage looper, caseworm, budworm, whorl maggots, aphids, beetles, termites, whiteflies, weevil

Yellow Ginger (OHN)

30 ml/li of H2O Aphids, armyworm, semi-looper, green leafhopper, mites, leaf roller, rice stem borer, powdery mildew

Application of Biopesticides

Ampalaya RR Variety Araw ng pag-aani

Sta. Rita 45-55

Table 3. Effect of two Trichoderma species on the mycelia growth

of different pathogens from pechay, tomato and onion

The promising results showed

that application of Trichoderma

in soil with the presence or

absence of pathogens can

control the adverse effect of

disease causing pathogens

*

ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Ellen S. Romero

CLSU-RM-CARES

Iba’t-ibang Klase ng Gulay

d. Legumes o Legumbre

Cowpea, utaw, munggo at sitaw

e. Root, bulb at tuber crops/halamang ugat

Sibuyas, bawang, patatas, kamote,

labanos, karot at mani

f. Solanaceous Crops

Kamatis, talong at sili

a. Leafy Vegetables/Madahong gulay

Petsay, mustasa, kangkong at letsugas

b. Cole Crops, Crucifers/Bulaklak gulay

Chinese cabbage, cauliflower at broccoli

c. Cucurbits

Pipino, patola, upo at ampalaya

Diversified Cropping –

Iba’t-ibang gulay sa isang

lote

Crop Rotation – Halinhinang

pagtatanim ng ibang gulay sa

susunod na taniman

Pamamaraan sa Organikong Paggugulayan

Intercropping – Pagtatanim ng iba’t-

ibang gulay sa loob ng plot

Mulching – Paglalagay ng

dayami o kilib sa ibabaw ng lupa

Paraan ng pagtatanim sa buto ng gulay:

a. Ipunla at paglipat tanim(mamili ng mga halaman na mataas umani, me

resistensiya sa mga insekto at sakit at mga gustong

binibili ng mga mamimili)

b. Direct seeding o direktang pagtatanim

Gabay sa Pagtatanim sa Pamamagitan ng

Pagpupunla at Paglilipat tanim

Ihanda ang potting media sa

pamamagitan ng pagsasala

ng organikong pataba, CRH

at garden soil at paghaluin ito

sa ratio na 1:1:1.

Ilagay ang ginawang potting

media sa seedling tray .

Ihanda ang mga

materyales na gagamitin

gaya ng seedling trays

buto, organikong pataba,

CRH, lupa, vermicompost

tea, at vermicast.

Maghanda ng lalagyan at ilagay

ang vemicompost tea.

Ibabad ang seedling tray na may

potting media.

Nakakatulong ang vermi tea

upang ito ang punla ay may

baon ng nutrihino sa kanyang

paglaki.

Alisin ito sa lalagyan kung ang

buong media ay nabasa na.

Guhitan ang basang

media na nasa tray .

Maglagay ng 1-2 buto

sa ginuhitang media.

Ibabawan ng kaunting

media pagkapunla ng

buto upang ito ay

matakpan.

Table 4. Percent germination of bitter gourd as influenced by

different potting media and teas

Pagkalipas ng 25 na araw

at kapag ang ugat ay

nakadikit na sa potting

media, ito ay maari ng alisin

at itanim.

Ingatan na huwag

masaktan ang ugat sa

paglilipat.

Ibudbod ang 30 g na

vermicast isang linggo

pagkasibol ng buto

Ang vermicast ay nakakatulong

upang maging berde ang mga

dahon ng punla.

Diligin ito ng vermi tea kada 2

araw hanggang sa ito ay maari

ng ilipat.

Maglagay ng

nararapat na

organikong pataba sa

bawat butas o sa

bawat plot (depende

sa gulay na itatanim)

Magdilig ng ginawang OLS

sa sukat na 320ml/16L

weekly until two weeks after

the last harvest.

Mag-isprey ng ginawang

OHN kada linggo o

dalawang beses sa isang

linggo sa sukat na 30 ml

kada litro ng tubig.

FPJ FFJ FAA

Weeding and Cultivation

Hill-up at 14 days after

emergence. Spot weed

when necessary.

Irrigation: Irrigate the field

before transplanting and

weekly thereafter or as the

needs arise.

Harvesting: : Harvest the

fruits seven days after the

first flowering and every

two days thereafter

Gabay sa Direktang Pagtatanim ng Gulay

Paghahanda ng Buto:

Ihanda ang butong

gagamitin.

Maaaring ibabad ang buto

sa tubig ng buong

magdamag

hanggang isa to ay

mamaga upang mas

mapadali ang pagtubo. Ihanda ng maayos ang

pagtatamnan at lagyan ng

tamang dami ng

organikong pataba ayon sa

rekomendadong sukat.

Maaring ring maglagay ng

dayami na pang mulch

upang maiwasan ng

pagtubo ng damo

Maaring maglagay ng 2

dakot n organic fertilizer kada

butas kapag hindi pa

naaalisa ang lupa

Parehong cultural

management practices

sa lipat tanim and

susundin

Research Results

CropSolid OF

(t/ha)

OLS

(ml/16L)

Organic

Yield (t/ha)

Conventional

(t/ha)

Kamatis

(Rosanna)

5 320 26.9 30

Sitaw

(MTG1-1)

5 320 19.47 10

Ampalaya

(Sta. Rita)

5 320 26 30

Table 5. Organic yield of the different crops as influenced by

application of the solid OF + organic liquid supplement

(OLS)

Source Conventional: Techno guide for Agricultural Production and Livelihood Projects 2004

Formulation and Testing of Combined Organic Liquid

Supplement from Trichoderma spp. and Fermented Plant

and Seed Extracts on the Growth of Organic Pechay

Treatment

Number of

Marketable

Plants/ m2

Weight of

Marketable

Plants/ m2

(kg)

Number of

Non-

Marketable

Plants/m2

Weight of

Non-

Marketable

Plants/m2

(kg)

Com-

puted

Yield

(t/ha)

T1 – Control 59c 0.53c 20a 0.09 5.83c

T2 – Commercial OLS

(check)84a 0.87b 15b 0.10 8.17b

T3 – 1:0.5 OLS (T.

longibrachiatum +

fermented plant and

seed extracts)

69b 0.93b 8b 0.09 9.80ab

T4 – 1:0.5 OLS (T.

asperellum + fermented

plant and seed extracts)

74b 1.23a 6b 0.10 12.00a

Table 6. Yield and yield components of pechay (t/ha) as affected

by the application of organic liquid supplement from Trichoderma

spp. in combination with fermented plant and seed extracts

½ IFRR+1/2 OFRR + Tricho-Plus 70-20-20 IFRR+ 4.5 t/ha OFRR +

225 kg/ha Tricho-Plus

Going Organic-based in Onion Production: Testing and Promotion

Via S&T Based Demo Farms in Two Selected Onion Growing

Municipalities in Nueva Ecija

Combination of

inorganic and organic

fertilizer in a

conventional area at the

ratio of 50%:50% or

25%:75% produced

similar yield of yield

7t/ha, the highest

among the different

treatment combination

evaluated.

Two split application of

organic fertilizer

(10t/ha) (basal & 30

DAT) for native

bittergourd and tomato

is recommended as

this generated

significant yield and

high return on

expenses.

Organic Fertilizer and Water Management for

Organic Vegetable Production

Table 7. Yield response of Rosanna var. of tomato in combination with OF,

vermicast and OLS.

The combination

of solid organic

fertilizer (8 t/ha OF

and 5 t/ha

vermicast) plus the

addition of 36 ml

FAA + 72 ml FPJ +

36 ml FFJ recorded

the highest yield of

23.71 t/ha during

dry season and

27.48 t/ha during

wet season.

Organic Receptacle Farming –Ito ay pagtatanimng gulay naitinatanim sa mgarecyclable nalalagyan katulad nggulong, kawayan, plastic containers, at iba pa.

Rate: 5t/ha 8 kg soil + 20g OF + OLS from Tricho and

Fermented plant and seed extracts

Organic Vegetable Production

RM-CARES Organic Products