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Richard Kohutko, Chief30 years of scuba diving experience
Rescue DiverIce DiverMaster DiverSpecialty Diver
• Underwater Photography• Evidence Preservation
Former President, Juneau County Sheriff ’s Dive TeamOwner, OSR Systems
Juneau County Dive Team
Introduction
Juneau County has over 57 lakes – the 2nd & 4th largest lakes in Wisconsin, which encompass 39,680 acres (62 sq. miles) with a max depth of 42 ft. – and hundreds of rivers and streamsPotential for individuals to come in contact with ice-covered waters is high
Juneau County Dive Team
Juneau County’s Black Water Diving
Black Water diving is intimidating and not many can do it, but it’s okay. Do not let your ego push you into danger!Due to the make-up of the water and the amount of silt reduces visibilityThe team normally operates in zero visibility conditions
Juneau County Dive Team
Water to Ice
Water has very unique characteristics. It has the ability to transform from a solid to a liquid to a vapor in a matter of minutes.
Juneau County Dive Team
Thermoclines – Levels of thermoclines are the:Epilimon - Top level of warmer waterMetalimnion – Middle level of cooler waterHypolimnion – Bottom level of colder water
This holds true in most all bodies of water, except in winter. Because of water’s unique properties to almost defy the laws of physics, the Hypolimnion colder water will be under the ice and the Metalimnion cooler water will be at the bottom. In other words, colder water stays on top of warmer water.
Juneau County Dive Team
Kinetic EnergyThe total heat of a fixed mass
Heat is the total energy of all the particles
Which will melt faster given equal temperature?
Juneau County Dive Team
Ice FormationNew ice is usually stronger than old ice
Ice seldom freezes uniformly. It may be a foot thick in one location and only an inch or two just a few feet away.Ice formed over flowing water and currents is often dangerous. This is especially true near streams, bridges and culverts. Also, the ice on outside river bends is usually weaker due to the undermining effects of the faster current.Snow insulates ice and slows down the freezing process. The extra weight also reduces how much weight the ice sheet can support. Also, ice near shore can be weaker than ice that is farther out.Booming and cracking ice isn't necessarily dangerous. It only means that the ice is expanding and contracting as the temperature changes.
Juneau County Dive Team
Temperature Drops, What Happens?
Vertical circulation continues until water is isothermal at 4 degrees C. When water drops below 4 C. it loses density and remains at the surface. Ice expands 9% when freezing and becomes less dense than the water below it, causing it to float. As ice forms, it develops a thermocline below it between 0-4 C.
Juneau County Dive Team
Factors for Ice Strength
Do not base ice safety on ice thickness alone!• Wind• Snow Accumulation• Air Temperature• Water Body Level, Depth, and Size• Current and Springs
•River ice is approximately 15% weaker than lake ice!• Dams and Man-Made Obstruction/Interference• Wildlife
Juneau County Dive Team
SnowWill act as an insulator and prevents ice from thickeningCovers hazardous locations and open areas“Brown Snow”
Juneau County Dive Team
Underground SpringsActive or Passive: will thin ice, circulating warm water. They will create open water or simply thin ice.
Juneau County Dive Team
Pressure Ridges
Ice expands and buckles from too much force or heaves together, leaving small ridges on top of the ice
Juneau County Dive Team
Main River ChannelsBecause these are usually narrow or deep areas, water is forced to move more quickly and causes thin ice conditions. Always avoid these areas, especially where they enter or exit a larger body of water. Main river channels are usually man-made or are natural geographically. They always are the last to freeze and the first to thaw. (uncharted areas) Check with your local DNR for maps of their locations
Juneau County Dive Team
Rivers and StreamsWarm spells will heat up a main river and streams, and north ends of lakes and ponds. This speeds up the flow of water and etches the ice thinner. The ice will always be open or thin in these areas and will possibly re-freeze over when the weather changes, leaving a thin ice condition or BLACK ICE. What is spidering?
Juneau County Dive Team
High Speeds
The weight depresses the ice, displacing the water beneath it. This creates a pressure wave which can fracture the ice in front of the object especially when approaching shallow areas. Never exceed 5 mph coming off the ice.
Resonance Wave
If one object vibrating at a certain frequency is brought near another object that has the same natural frequency, the second object can be made to vibrate as well.Do not exceed 20 mph.
Juneau County Dive Team
Currents and Their Effect – Peninsulas, islands, and shallow sand bars that extend out into a larger body of water can cause hazardous conditions. These conditions are caused by the water’s increase in flow over these areas to keep up with the force of the main body of water in the deeper areas. As the water passes over these areas, an eddy or vortex effect can occur as the water deepens on the lee-ward or back side of these areas, causing a thin ice condition.
Juneau County Dive Team
Ice Advice
No Ice is Safe!It is impossible to ascertain if the ice is the same thickness in your desired travel paths; factors influence the thicknessNever go out alone:
Tell a buddy where you are going; what you are doing; who will be with; and when you will return or call to check in
Do not group togetherDo not take vehicles onto ice
Juneau County Dive Team
Preparation
Go out with a buddyCarry a cell phone (charged and in a Ziploc/other waterproof bag) attached to your personCheck the river channels and other locations for possible thin ice (DNR)NEVER go on the ice at nightCarry thermal blanket
Juneau County Dive Team
Snowmobile
Travel single fileLargest man 1stTravel slowly
Increased speeds cause pressure waves under the ice which thins it
Do not consume alcohol or drugs
Juneau County Dive Team
Vehicles
Use all safety steps as previously mentioned, ANDCheck with your insurance companyUnlock your doorsRoll down ALL your windows!Do NOT wear your seatbelt
Juneau County Dive Team
Vehicles
Some insurance plans will not cover you if your vehicle goes through the ice.Rolling down your windows and keeping your seatbelt off allows you to escape easily.
What happens is that when a vehicle becomes submerged, the water pressure envelopes that vehicle so tightly that you CANNOT open your doors. The only option is to break or crawl out of the window. So, make it easy and keep the windows down. Make it easier and simply do NOT take the vehicle out.
Juneau County Dive Team
What Happened?
If you are a Witness to an ice-related emergency…
1. Call 911 Immediately2. Make a difficult
decision 1. Choosing between a
rescue and self preservation is a decision only you can make
Juneau County Dive Team
Difficult DecisionsRescue (Only When Victim
is Visible!)
3. If possible, put on a PFD (flotation device)
4. Get some rope or other reaching device
5. Crawl on the ice to distribute your weight
6. Assist person out of ice water
7. Seek immediate medical attention
Do NOT Rescue
3. Coach individual out of water, keep them calm
4. Throw PFD if possible5. LSP (last seen point) mark
the location with GPS, markers, or other techniques
6. Stay away from location7. Wait for emergency
responders
Juneau County Dive Team
What to Do?
Coaching an individual out of water will be discussed in next slides.Try to remain calm yourself and gather your thoughts (write them down)Do Not let other bystanders or witnesses influence your memory of what happened
Juneau County Dive Team
HypothermiaMild
Body 95°FAlert, Shivering, Able to Grip
ModerateBody 90-95°FConfused, Dilated Pupils, Shivering Uncontrollably, May be Unable to Grip
SevereBody 85-90°FNo Shivering, Rigid Muscles, Dilated Pupils, Drugged/Drunk, Barely Conscious, Unable to Move/Respond to Commands
Juneau County Dive Team
Water Dissipates Heat from the Body 20 times Faster than Air
Water Temp Expected Time Before Exhaustion/Unconsciousness
(°F) (°C)
32.5° 0.3° 15 minutes cooling @ .8° per min.
32.5–40° 0.3–4.4° 15-30 minutes cooling @ .4° per min.
40–50° 3.3–10° 30-60 minutes cooling @ .2° per min.
50–60° 10–15.6° 1-2 hours cooling @ .1° per min.
If you cannot get yourself out of the water, stay immobile and curl your body into itself to slow the loss of body heat.
Juneau County Dive Team
Body Heat Loss
When too much heat is lost, the heart extracts blood from the extremities, then the brain, to keep the core (chest) warm. A sudden rush of blood back to the extremities leads to cardiac arrest.
Juneau County Dive Team
Self Rescue
Tread WaterTry not to gasp, go to strong ice, put arms onto ice
Kick and PullFrog kick to get your body horizontal
Horizontal Kick Continue to kick and pull yourself out
Roll Onto IceDistribute your weight and roll/crawl to safety
Juneau County Dive Team
Near DrowningSurvival and Struggle
Victims who do not struggle while drowning burn less oxygen and are more likely to surviveOxygen preserves brain function and survivability rate
Juneau County Dive Team
Near Drowning
The colder the water, the greater chance for survivalConduct CPRTreat hypothermiaAssess injuries
Juneau County Dive Team
Victim Care
DO
Be GentleRemove Wet ClothingDry Victim QuicklyWrap in Warm Insulation
DO NOT
Rub or MassageApply Heating to SkinGive Alcohol or StimulantsNo Smoking
Juneau County Dive Team
Victim CareAfter Drop
After Drop is improper handling and treatment of the victimIt occurs when blood rushes from the extremities to the heart, causing a cooling processIt can cause cardiac arrest
Juneau County Dive Team
18th Wisconsin Snowmobile Death in 2013-14 winter season
Spent 30 minutes in Ice Water and Died
Juneau County Dive Team
Q&AWhich of the conditions cause most incidences.
1)Main River Channel ( currents )
2)Pressure Wave ( resonance wave )
3)Rivers and Streams4)Underground Springs
How many lakes does Juneau County have?
1)27
2)573)63
4)41
What’s the safest thing you could do to avoid an ice-related incident?
1)Go with a buddy
2)Do not take cars, trucks, or large vehicles on the ice3)Stay off the ice
4)Avoid open water areas
Juneau County Dive Team
Juneau County Dive Team Ice Safety Tips
Most of all, Remember This; There is no such thing as, safe ice.
“So you have to be safe!” SAFE ICE !!!!!!!!! IS A MYTH !!
If you were to only take away ONE thing from this, stay off the ice! This presentation will help you understand how we operate, identify the hazardous areas, how to prepare to go out on the ice, how to get yourself out, how to care for yourself, and care for others.
Feel free to Call, Email, or Meet with us. We are more than happy to assist you.
Phone: Email:
Juneau County Dive Team