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Parenting: risk, capacity, and change under new lenses
Dora Pereira & Madalena AlarcãoEdinburgh, 14.04.2015
BASPCAN Congress 2015
Associação de Am igos da Criança e da Fam ília
Risk
Thinking systemically….
• Risk factors as an INUS condition (insufficient but non-redundant part of a condition that is itself unnecessary but sufficient for
the result): not sufficient or necessary conditions for maltreatment to occur (Munro, Taylor & Bradbury-Jones, 2014)
• “The whole INUS pie is the ‘sufficient condition’.” (Munro, Taylor & Bradbury-Jones, 2014, p. 68)
• So, it’s necessary to understand the how, and not just look for the what
Kozlowska & Hanney, 2002
“(…) the dyad can be understood as a distinct pattern which nests within another distinct
pattern, the triad, which in turn nests within the distinct pattern, the family. The connections
between the individual parts occur in the form of a network. One can view each pattern from
the perspective of a "whole" (e.g., the dyad) or from the perspective of a "part" (the dyad as
part of the family). However, the lens can never be focused on the pattern of the dyad and the
pattern of the family at the same time. Looking at both patterns requires the clinician to focus
and refocus the lens, moving backward and forward between patterns. The need for multiple,
coexisting explanations and models is common in the study of complex phenomena and is
fundamental to systems thinking.” (p.294).
Doas he/she need a
protective measure ?
Is this child safe? Case Referal
Risk assessment
Parenting capacity
assessment
Case formulation and intervention plan
How could parenting behaviour be improved?
Intervention
Outcomes assessment
Protective measures
1st order change
2nd order change
6
Parenting Assessment on child protection: what, when, why?
Risk assessmentParenting capacities
assessment
Main aim Child protection Change parenting behaviour
What What influences parenting behaviour: Risk and protective factors
How is parenting behaviour functioning: capacity, skills and mediating processes
When Immediatly after reporting After child protection is assured
Time focus Present and future (short term)
Past, present and future (short, medium and long
term)
Capacity
Parenting Behavior Functional Model (Pereira, 2014)
Synchronic Axis
Diachronic Axis
Parenting skills
Mediating processes
Parental Capacity
Relational modifiers
Individual Psychological Structure
Contextual modifiers
CONTEXT
1FAMILY AND
SOCIAL CONTEXT
CHILD
2CHILD’S HEALTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
PARENTS-CHILD
RELATION
3ATTACHMENT
4PARENTING SKILLS
PARENTS
5IMPULSE
CONTROL
6RESPONSIBILITY RECOGNITION
7PERONAL FACTORS
THAT AFFECT PARENTING
CAPACITY
8SOCIAL SUPPORT
NETWORK
9ACCESS TO SERVICES
PARENTING
CAPACITIES
EVALUATION
GUIDE
(0-5)
9
10
Multi Methods (direct
observation, home visits, interviews,
contact with other
professionals)Sources (parents,
child, other family members,
professionals)Contexts (in and out residential
care; ex: medical appointments)
FAMILY AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
What are the major strenghts and weaknesses on the different daily life areas, such as household, neighboord,
finances, employment,couple relation, imigration ?
CHILD’S HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT How good is child’s health and development ?
ATTACHMENT How secure is child-mother attachment?
PARENTING SKILLS How good are the parental skills?
IMPULSE CONTROL How good are the impulse control capacity?
RESPONSIBILITY RECOGNITION
Does the parent recognizes his/her responsibility on the present situation?
PERSONAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT
PARENTING CAPACITIES
How does the parent’s personal factors (such as mental health problems, intellectual disability, substance abuse or
domestic violence) affect the parental capacities?
SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORK How does the parent’ relates with his/her social network?
ACCESS TO SERVICES How is/was the parent’s relation with clinical services ?
11
Parenting Capacity Profile
Main Resource
Secondary Resource
Main Difficulty
Secondary DifficultyChange Prognosis
A: Encouraging change potential
B: High risk of becoming a chronic
situation
Main results of the exploratory validation studies in portuguese context
• Ecological validity: 3 FG of child protection professionals; law professionals; and academics– Changes in content – forces and not just problems;
classification criteria; guide structure (user guidelines)
• Reliability: inter-rater agreement >90%• Predictive validity: 100% -6M; 90%-12M
Change
And after assessment?
Case formulation and intervention planning (with parents) should integrate: – Parental capacity– Mediating processes– Parenting skills– Time (past, present and future)
Parenting Capacity
Parenting skills
Parenting Capacity
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
Mediating Processes
Mediating Processes
Mediating Processes
Mediating Processes
Parenting skills
Minim. Adequate Parenting
Social support; Psychoterapeutic
Intervention
Parental education
New carers
- -
+ +
Psychoterapeutic Intervention
Psychoterapeutic Interv. and Parental
education
Concluding remarks
• Research about functional model and intervention guidelines must continue
• Professionals in child protection system must maintain a complex, flexible and critical thought to make sound clinical judgements
• If change is a process why don’t you start it now?
Thank you for tour attention!
For more information, feel free to email:
Dora Pereira | [email protected]; [email protected]
