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CITIES Forum 2015 An Urban Agenda for Europe Regional and
Urban Policy
An Urban Agenda for Europe
CITIES Forum 2015
Cities in a regional context (urban-rural linkages)
Joaquim Oliveira Martins (OECD)
Brussels, 2 June 2015
Urban-Rural linkages
• Urban and rural areas have both growth potential and often complementary assets • Urban and rural areas are increasingly integrated in self-organising spaces (functional regions) • Integration between urban and rural areas is important for socio-economic performance
Urban and rural areas are increasingly integrated
In OECD countries, on average, almost 80% of rural population live close to an urban area (2012)
Urban-Rural partnerships are driven by functional linkages
• Labour market flows are key, but there are also other crucial Rural-Urban interactions • The spatial scale to consider depends on the purpose of partnership • The spatial scale of co-operation should be flexible • Physical distance is important
Example: Nuremberg Metropolitan Region • Polycentric region (network of cities) • The partnership covers a geography that extends well beyond labour markets. • Land-based economic complementarities, innovation, public transport network and common territorial identity are functional linkages underlying the partnership boundaries.
The spaces of Urban-Rural co-operation
Rennes Métropole (main rurban partnership)
Planning activity at the level of the Pays de Rennes
Different access to public services (e.g. public hospitals)
there are different regions for different functions high discrepancy among administrative regions and functional territories
The case of Rennes: different geographies for different functions
Urban-Rural partnerships can help reach common development objectives
Category Focus of co-operation
Economic development Territorial promotion
Supply chain
Urban agriculture
Natural assets management Management of water sources
Biodiversity
Land-use management
Landscape and environmental preservation
Service provision Transport
Healthcare, social care, education
Waste disposal
Political relevance/ access to funds
Political relevance/visibility
Advocacy for funding
Building effective and sustainable urban-rural partnerships: a strategy
Matching ..the appropriate scale
Including ..the relevant stakeholder
Learning ..to be more effective
1. Better understanding of Urban-Rural conditions and interactions
2. Addressing territorial challenges through a functional approach
3. Working towards a common agenda for urban and rural policy
4. Building a enabling environment for Urban-Rural partnerships
5. Clarifying the partnership objectives and related measures
The main governance approaches to urban-rural partnerships
Explicit rurban partnerships
Rennes (France)
Geelong (Australia)
Nuremberg (Germany)
Central Zone of West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Poland
BrabantStad (Netherlands)
Implicit rurban partnerships
Forlì-Cesena (Italy)
Extremadura (Spain)
Castelo Branco (Portugal)
Central Finland (Jyväskylä and Saarijärvi-Viitasaari) (Finland)
Lexington (United States)
Prague/Central Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Delegated functions No delegated functions Delegated functions No delegated functions
Rennes (France) Geelong (Australia)
Nuremberg (Germany)
Central Zone of West Pomerania Voivodeship (Poland)
BrabantStad (Netherlands)
Extremadura (Spain)
Forlì-Cesena (Italy)
Lexington (United States)
Prague (Czech Republic)
Central Finland (Jyväskylä and Saarijärvi-Viitasaari) (Finland)
Castelo Branco (Portugal)
Factors that promote urban-rural partnership
Understanding of the
interdependence of rural and urban areas
Mutual understanding of the need to act in concert
Clearly defined
objectives
Representational membership and
democratic participation
Leadership
Rennes, France x x x x x
Geelong, Australia x x x x x
Nuremberg, Germany x x x x x
Central Zone Poland x x
Brabant, Netherlands x x x x x
Prague, CZ x
Forli-Cesena, Italy x x x x x
Extremadura, Spain x x
Castelo Banco, Portugal x x
Central Finland (Jyväskylä and Saarijärvi-Viitasaari)
x x
Lexington, Kentucky, USA x x
Factors that hinder urban-rural partnership
Regulatory and political barriers:
Lack of trust/social
capital
Lack of partnership
buy in/incentives
to partner
Policies that widened vs
shrinking the gap between
rural and urban areas
Low Private sector
involvement
Rennes, France x
Geelong, Australia x
Nuremberg, Germany
Central Zone Poland x x
Brabant, Netherlands
Prague, CZ x x x x
Forli-Cesena, Italy
Extremadura, Spain x x
Castelo Branco, Portugal x x
Central Finland (Jyväskylä and Saarijärvi-Viitasaari)
x
Lexington, Kentucky, USA x x x x
• Fragmentation of a metropolitan area into many municipalities reduces per capita GDP and productivity
– A doubling of the number of municipalities per 100,000 inhabitants reduces productivity by 6%
The link between governance systems and performance of functional metro areas
• Negative impact of fragmentation can be reduced through organisations that coordinate policies in functional metro areas
– Approximately half of the productivity penalty from municipal fragmentation disappears when governance bodies exist
• Metropolitan governance bodies are common throughout the OECD, but only 18% have regulatory powers
Improving the governance of functional metro areas
• Governance bodies also lead to better outcomes in several other dimensions
Other gains from governing functional metro areas at the relevant scale
Sprawl Satisfaction with Public Transport
• Invest using an integrated strategy tailored to different places
• Adopt effective co-ordination instruments across levels of government
• Co-ordinate across SNGs to invest at the relevant scale
Pillar 1
Co-ordinate across governments and policy areas
• Assess upfront long term impacts and risks
• Encourage stakeholder involvement throughout investment cycle
• Mobilise private actors and financing institutions
• Reinforce the expertise of public officials & institutions
• Focus on results and promote learning
Pillar 2
Strengthen capacities and promote policy learning across
levels of government
• Develop a fiscal framework adapted to the objectives pursued
• Require sound, transparent financial management
• Promote transparency and strategic use of procurement
• Strive for quality and consistency in regulatory systems across levels of government
Pillar 3
Ensure sound framework conditions at all levels of
government
A Recommendation on the Governance of Public Investment was adopted in 2014 by the OECD Council
Evaluation toolkit for the implementation of the OECD Recommendation on Public Investment
Initial indicators developed as a follow-up of the Recommendation
Over 70 indicators 20 for Pillar I, 24 for Pillar II and 27 for Pillar
III Comprehensive multi-disciplinary approach
(multi-level governance, public finances, regional policy, public management)
Mix between factual indicators and qualitative indicators based on judgement
THANK YOU
Some OECD references: OECD (2013), Investing Together, OECD Publishing, Paris OECD (2013), Rural-Urban Partnerships: An Integrated Approach to Economic Development, OECD Publishing, Paris OECD(2015), The Metropolitan Century, OECD Publishing, Paris OECD(2015), Governing the City, OECD Publishing, Paris