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Obumnneke Amadi-nwada
Scholar-Practitioner Project: Final Report
Walden University
Research Topic and Background
Research Topic : Occurrence of Teen Pregnancy and College Dropout and Its Economic Effects on Families
Background The rate of college and high school pregnancy is notable
high(CDC, 2015). 3 in 10 girls in high school or college will become pregnant before
the age of 20”( (Shuger,2012).
Teenage Pregnancy Images Photos
Research and Hypothesis Question
Research Question: Are the occurrence of teen pregnancy and college dropout strongly related to the factors of economic effects on families?
Null hypothesis (H1): The occurrence of teen pregnancy and college dropout are strongly related to the factors of economic effects on families.
Alternate hypothesis (H0): The occurrence of teen pregnancy and college dropout are not strongly related to the factors of economic effects on families.
Research Methodology
Quantitative Method: The study used an archived secondary database to collect variables
that will generalize the study population, To answer the research questions
Research Design
The Study Type Descriptive Analysis Inferential Analysis
Sub-type independent dependent variables
Statistical Test
Data Analysis Plan (variables and statistical procedures)
Variable Names
Family type / Marital status
Employment status
Number of children in household
Education level
Income level
Own or rent home; private residence
Number of adults in household
Number of adult men in household
Number of adult women in household
Ages in years
State
Pregnant
Sex(Waldenu.edu, 2015; Amadi, 2015).
Data Analysis Plan (variables and statistical procedures) cont.:
Statistical Procedures: SPSS: Descriptive statistical analyses: frequency statistics and cross
tabulation Inferential statistical analyses: linear regression analysis Graphs Interpretation
Data Dictionary and Data Table
Data DictionaryRecord Type Code Id Code DescriptionPuma population size 100,000St state code 72 .puerto rico/prTen tenure 1. owned with mortgage or loan
2. owned free and clear3. rented for cash rent4. no cash rent
Fes family type 1.married-couple family: husband and wife in lf2. married-couple family: husband in labor force, wife .not in lf3. married-couple family: husband not in lf, .wife in lf4. married-couple family: neither husband nor wife in .lf5. other family: male householder, no wife present, in .lf6. other family: male householder, no wife present, not in lf7. other family: female householder, no husband present, in lf8.other family: female householder, no husband present, not in lf
Fincp family income -59999..99999999 .total family income in dollars
Data Dictionary cont.
wif employment workers in family during the past 12 months 1 .1 worker2 .2 workers3 .3 or more workers in family
Wkexrel work experience of householder and spouse
1 to 16 coded variations
Workstat work status of householder or spouse in family households
1 to 15 coded variations
Schl educational attainment( less than 3 years)
01. No school completed; 02. nursery school to grade 4; 03 .grade 5 or grade 6; 04 .grade 7 or grade 8;
05 .grade 9; 06 .grade 10;o7 .grade 11; 08 .grade 12 no diploma; 09 .high school graduate; 10 .some college, but less than 1 year; 11 .one or more years of college, no degree; 12 .associate's degree; 13.bachelor's degree; 14 .master's degree; 15 .professional school degree1;16 .doctorate degree
Data Dictionary cont.
Hugcl flag to indicate grandchild living in housing unit
o. hu does not contain grandchildren
same above 1. hu does contain grandchildren Hupac same above 1. with children under 6 years only
2. with children 6 to 17 years only3. with children under 6 years and 6 to 17 years 4. no children
Hupaoc same above 1. presence of own children under 6 years only2. presence of own children 6 to 17 years only3. presence of own children under 6 years and 6 to 17 years
Mar marriage status 1 married2 .widowed3 .divorced4 .separated5 .never married or under 15 years oldR18 presence of persons under 18 years in
household 0 .no person under 18 in household
1 .1 or more persons under 18 in househol
R60 Presence of persons 60 years and over in household
0 .No person 60 and over
1 .1 person 60 and over
Data Table cont.
2 .2 or more persons 60 and overR65 0 .No person 65 and over
1 .1 person 65 and over2 .2 or more persons 65 and over
NOC Nos of own children in household
01..19
NPF nos of persons in family
02..20
NPF nos of persons in family
02..20 .Number of persons in family
(Waldenu.edu, 2015; Bright Hub Inc, 2012).
(Waldenu.edu, 2015; Bright Hub Inc, 2012).
Data Table
Data TableName Type Decimals Measurable
UnitId
Family Type Numeric 0 Number Codes Married-Couple Family And Others
Employment Status Numeric 0 Number Codes Worked Ft; <Ft; Not Employed ; Unemployed; Self Employed
Marital Status Numeric 0 Number Codes Married, No Unmarried Partner
Number Of Children In Household
Numeric 0 Numbers 1 T0 19
Education Level Numeric 0 Numbers Attainment LevelAge Numeric 0 Years 1-18; 60 And OverIncome Level Numeric 0 Percentage Total Family Income
Data Dictionary cont.
Own Or Rent Home; Private Residence
Numeric Yes Dollars Tenure
Number Of Adults In Household
Numeric 0 Percentage Persons
Number Of Adult Men In Household
Numeric 0 Percentage Persons
Number Of Adult Women In Household
Numeric 0 Percentage Persons
State Numeric 0 Numbers Codes
N/B: FT- FULL TIME (Waldenu.edu, 2015; AHIMA, 2012)
Results and Interpretation
SPSS Results: Descriptive Analysis: Frequencies:
Statistics State
Fips Code
Nos of Adult Men
In House
Nos of Adults
In House
Nos of Adult
Women In
House
Age In
Yrs
Marital Status
Nos of Children in House
Educa Level
Employ Status
Income Level
Own Or
Rent Home
Valid
14772 14000 14000 14000 14772
14757 14753 14749 14741 14726 14684
Missing
0 772 772 772 0 15 19 23 31 46 88
Mean 53.00 .85 1.84 .99 56.7
2 2.10 67.68 5.01 4.06 16.72 1.31
Median 53.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 58.0
0 1.00 88.00 5.00 4.00 7.00 1.00
Mode 53 1 2 1 63 1 88 6 1 8 1 Std. Deviation
.000 .588 .758 .484 17.193
1.589 36.571 1.003 2.808 28.038 .771
Variance .000 .346 .575 .234 295.
604 2.526 1337.43
6 1.006 7.884 786.11
6 .594
Std. Error of Skewness
.020 .021 .021 .021 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020
Range 0 7 8 6 92 8 98 8 8 98 8
Sum 78291
6 11916 25730 13814 8379
34 31004 998548 73917 59913 246282 19227
25 53.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 46.0
0 1.00 88.00 4.00 1.00 5.00 1.00
50 53.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 58.0
0 1.00 88.00 5.00 4.00 7.00 1.00
75 53.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 69.0
0 3.00 88.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 1.00
Skewness .678 1.401 .816 -
.388 1.414 -1.242 -.695 .066 2.232 5.796
SPSS Results: Descriptive Analysis: Frequencies: cont.
Case Processing Summarized In Excel Table
Crosstab Out Put Chi-
Square
Tests
Symmetric
Measures
Marital Status(Iv)*Dv's Pearson
Chi-
Square
No Of
Valid
Cases
Asymp.Sig Cramer's V
State Fips Code a 14757 - -
Number Of Adults In
Household
9120.325 13988 0.00 0.330
Number Of Adult Men In
Household
6616.733 13988 0.00 -0.206
Number Of Adult Women
In Household
2458.085 13988 0.00 0.171
Reported Age In Years 8240.07 14757 0.00 0.305
Number Of Children In
Household
1241.461 14753 0.00 0.118
Education Level 582.664 14749 0.00 0.081
Employment Status 3362.436 14741 0.00 0.195
Income Level 3204.309a 14726 0.00 0.19
Own Or Rent Home 2295.704 14684 0.00
Respondents Sex 588.216 14757 0.00 0.2
Crosstabs:
SPSS Results: Inferential Analysis: Linear Regression: cont.
Descriptive Statistics Mean Std. Deviation N
Marital Status 2.35 1.932 1679 State Fips Code 53.00 .000 1679
Number Of Adults In Household 2.09 .875 1679
Number Of Adult Men In Household
.87 .591 1679
Number Of Adult Women In Household
1.22 .529 1679
Reported Age In Years 34.23 7.749 1679
Number Of Children In Household
25.64 38.356 1679
Education Level 4.90 1.135 1679 Employment Status 2.84 2.228 1679 Income Level 16.90 27.617 1679 Own Or Rent Home 1.54 .916 1679 Respondents Sex 2.00 .000 1679 Pregnancy Status 1.99 .427 1679
SPSS Results: Inferential Analysis: Linear Regression: cont.
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients Standardize
d Coefficients
T Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 4.284 .363 11.817 .000 Number Of Adults In Household
-.990 .065 -.448 -15.166 .000
Number Of Adult Women In Household
1.912 .112 .524 17.034 .000
Reported Age In Years -.048 .005 -.194 -8.879 .000 Number Of Children In Household
.013 .001 .268 13.357 .000
Education Level -.192 .034 -.113 -5.605 .000 Employment Status -.017 .017 -.019 -.975 .330 Income Level .000 .001 .004 .186 .852 Own Or Rent Home .233 .043 .110 5.401 .000 Pregnancy Status -.130 .087 -.029 -1.484 .138
Inferential Analysis: Linear Regression:
ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 2395.131 9 266.126 114.750 .000b Residual 3870.722 1669 2.319
Total 6265.853 1678
a. Dependent Variable: Marital Status
Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square Std. Error of the
Estimate 1 .618a .382 .379 1.523 a. Predictors: (Constant), Pregnancy Status, Number Of Adults In Household, Employment Status, Number Of Children In Household, Income Level, Own Or Rent Home, Education Level, Reported Age In Years, Number Of Adult Women In Household
Results and Interpretation
SUMMARY OF COMPUTED TEST
1. Descriptive analysis: The output of Pearson chi-square significance level for the crosstab frequency shows that Asymp.
Sig. is less than .05 in all dependent variables at 0.00 except in pregnancy status indicating that chi square is significant
(sig is less than a = 0.05), so I would not reject the H1. This means that I am accepting the hypothesis that the occurrence
of teen pregnancy and college dropout are strongly related to the factors of economic effects on families.
2. The number of children have the highest mode which is most frequent variable at 88 followed by income at 9.
3. Standard deviation was highest at 36.571 by the number of children followed by income at 28.038.
4. Variance is lowest at sex for .241.
Results and Interpretation cont.
Inferential analysis:
1. The Anova regression sig column shows that p < 0.0005, which is less than 0.05, and indicates that, overall, the regression
model statistically significantly predicts the outcome variable
2. The model summary table shows that the R value represents the simple correlation and is .618 which indicates a high degree
of correlation between variables measured. The R Square value indicates how much of the total variation in the dependent
variables, can be described by the independent variable, in this case, 38.2% can be explained, which is very large
Results and Interpretation cont.
Graphs:
1. The Bar chart displays the categories on the graph's x-axis, and either the frequencies on the y-axis e.g. the count on marital status for
employment shows that quite a number of the different categories have worked without indication that they are still working at > 3500
counts out of 4000 counts and the also some reasonable count are unemployed at 1.less than 1000counts out of 4000counts
2. The histogram shows how many times each variable occurred in the observation. The variables are almost never normally distributed.
The normal curve is applied to the histogram is to help access the degree of which variable counts approximate the normal distribution
(Green, and Salkind, 2011).
Implications for Social Change
Understanding the factors associated with the cause of teen pregnancies
impacting families from different instances will assist public health promoters
and decision makers to monitor the activities actively and progress of
prevention programs associated with the problem for advancement.
Discussion
According to reports, “Puerto Rico currently has an 18 percent teen pregnancy rate and childhood poverty rate of 55 percent” (Community Counseling Centers of Chicago, 2014). Another study revealed that within the social and demographic characteristics of Hispanics in the U.S. with respect to the economic status, Hispanics are disproportionately symbolized among the poor. The also pointed out that the “higher rates of pregnancy and childbearing among Hispanic teens in the U.S. may reflect preexisting disadvantages and cultural differences” (Ryan, Franzetta, & Manlove, 2005, p.7).
Conclusion
Economic factors are a great determinant of high risk behaviors such as teen pregnancy and childbearing mostly among the poor people.
Graphs: Histogram And Bar Graphs:
Graphs cont.
Graphs cont.
Graphs cont.
References
Amadi, O. (2015). Week_Assignment_PUBH-8545-AdvAnalysis-Summer. Retrieved from
https://class.waldenu.edu/
AHIMA (2012).Dictionary. Retrieved from http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_049331.hcsp?
dDocName=bok1_049331
BioMedSearch.com (2015). Using a five-step procedure for inferential statistical analyses. Retrieved from
http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Using-five-step-procedure-inferential/245037750.html
CDC (2015). About Teen Pregnancy; Teen Pregnancy in the United States. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/teenpregnancy/about/index.htm
Crossman, A. (2014). Statistics. Retrieved from http://sociology.about.com/od/Statistics/a/Descriptive-inferential-statistics.htm
References cont.
Community Counseling Centers of Chicago (2014). Parenting Effort in Puerto Rico Huge Success. Retrieved from
https://www.c4chicago.org/community-counseling-c-enters chicago/parenting-effort-puerto-rico-huge-success
IBM (2015). Crosstabs statistics. Retrieved from http://www
01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSLVMB_21.0.0/com.ibm.spss.statistics.help/idh_xtab_statistics.htm
google.com(n.d).Images for teenage pregnancy images. Retrieved rom
https://www.google.com/search?q=teenage+pregnancy+images+photos&biw=1438&bih=677&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CEQQ7Alq FQoTCMrCs
LGMn8cCFQYaHgod5x4Fkg&dpr=0.95
Lund Research (2013). Linear Regression Analysis using SPSS Statistics. Retrieved from https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-
tutorials/linear-regression-using-spss- statistics.php
NIST (2013).What are statistical tests? Retrieved from http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/prc/section1/prc13.htm
Miller, F. C. (2000). Impact of adolescent pregnancy as we approach the new millennium. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 13(1), 5-8.
University of the West of England (2015). Data Analysis. Retrieved fromhttp://learntech.uwe.ac.uk/da/Default.aspx?pageid=1440
References cont.
utoronto.ca (2015). Pol242 lab manual: exercise 3a: Crosstabulation with Nominal Variables. Retrieved from
http://groups.chass.utoronto.ca/pol242/Labs/LM-3A/LM-3A_content.htm
Waldenu.edu(2015).USW1_PUBH_8545_Week01_DataDictionary_forPuertoRico_DataSe. Retrieved from https://class.waldenu.edu
Ryan, S., Franzetta, K., & Manlove, J. (2005). Hispanic Teen Pregnancy and Birth Rates: Looking Behind the Numbers.
Child Trends Research Brief. Publication# 2005-01. Child Trends.
Shuger, L. (2012). Teen Pregnancy and High School Dropout: What Communities are Doing to Address These
Issues.Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy and America’s Promise
Alliance. Retrieved from http://www.americaspromise.org/sites/default/files/legacy/bodyfiles/teen- pregnancy-and-hs-
dropout-print.pd