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Anaemia in CKD
Presented byDr.Chinmoy Saha
M.D Resident (Cardiology)
Contents
• Anaemia• CKD• Causes of anaemia in CKD• Use of iron to treat anemia in CKD• Use of ESAs to treat anemia in CKD• Red cell transfusion to treat anemia in CKD
Anaemia
• Anaemia refers to a state in which the level of haemoglobin in the blood is below the reference range appropriate for age and sex.
Diagnosis of anemia
• In Adults and children >15 years with CKD Hb% < 13 gm/dl in male Hb% < 12 gm/ dl in female• In Children
Age Hb %
.5-5 yr < 11.0 gm/dl
5-12 yr < 11.5 gm/dl
12-15 yr < 12.0gm/dl
Investigation
• Complete blood count (CBC) with PBF• Differential and platelet count• Absolute reticulocyte count• Serum ferritin level• Serum transferrin saturation (TSAT)• Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels
Prevalance of anemia in CKD
Monitor of Hb For CKD patients without anemia, measure Hb
concentration when clinically indicated and• at least annually in patients with CKD 3•
at least twice per year in patients with CKD 4–5ND• at least every 3 months in patients with CKD 5HD and
CKD 5PD For CKD patients with anemia not being treated with
an ESA, measure Hb concentration when clinically indicated and
• at least every 3 months in patients with CKD 3–5ND and CKD 5PD
• at least monthly in patients with CKD 5HD
CKD• CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney
structure or function, present for >3 months, with implications for health
Stages of CKD
Erythropoiesis
Causes of anaemia in CKD
Iron Therapy for anaemia in CKD
• Targets: Ferritin > 200 microgram/L (heamodialysis) >100 microgram/L (nonheamodialysis) TSAT >20% % HRBC < 6% Reticulocyte Hb content >29 pg/cell
Recommendation
• For adult CKD patients with anemia not on iron or ESA therapy a trial of IV iron (or in CKD ND patients alternatively a 1–3 month trial of oral iron therapy) if
an increase in Hb concentration without starting ESA treatment is desired and
TSAT is less equal 30% and ferritin is less equal 500 ng/ml
• For adult CKD patients on ESA therapy who are not receiving iron supplementations a trial of IV iron (or in CKD ND patients alternatively a 1–3 month trial of oral iron therapy) if :
• an increase in Hb concentration or a decrease in ESA dose is desired and
• TSAT is less equal 30% and ferritin is less equal 500 ng/ml
Monitor
• Evaluate iron status (TSAT and ferritin) at least every 3 months during ESA therapy,
including the decision to start or continue iron therapy.
• Test iron status (TSAT and ferritin) more frequently when
initiating or increasing ESA dose, when blood loss, monitoring response after of IV iron,
where iron stores become depleted.
Preparation
• Preparation Oral iron therapy IV iron therapy• Adverse Reactions Anaphylaxis Hypotension Nausea,vomiting,pruritus,dizziness
EPO
• EPO is a 165 amino acid secreted glycoprotein that is required for erythrocyte maturation
• It is produced by peritubular interstitial fibroblast
• If GFR is normal,EPO level is inversely propotional to Hb.
EAS
Types
ESA Half Life Initial dosing
Epoetin 4-8 hr 80-120 u/kg in 3 divided dose
Epoetin 4-12 hr 80-120 u/kg in 3 divided dose
Darbepoetin 21-25hr .45microgram/kg weekly
Methoxy Polyethylene glycol
130 hr .6microgram/kg fortnightly,then monthly
ESA therapy
• Address all correctable causes of anemia (including iron deficiency and inflammatory states) prior to initiation of ESA therapy.
• The objectives of initial EAS therapy is a rate to increase Hb 1-2 g/dl per month.
Frequency of monitoring
During the initiation phase of ESA therapy,• measure Hb concentration at least monthly • For CKD ND patients, during the maintenance phase of ESA therapy measure Hb concentration
at least every 3 months. (Not Graded)• For CKD 5D patients, during the maintenance phase of ESA therapy measure Hb concentration
at least monthly. (Not Graded)
KDIGO Recommendation• For adult CKD ND patients with Hb concentration >10.0 g/dl ESA
therapy not to be initiated.
• For adult CKD ND patients with Hb concentration <10.0 g/dl to initiate ESA therapy based on
• the rate of fall of Hb concentration,• prior response to iron therapy,• the risk of needing a transfusion,• the risks related to ESA therapy and• the presence of symptoms attributable to anemia.
• For adult CKD 5D patients, ESA therapy is to be used when the hemoglobin is between 9.0–10.0 g/ dl (90–100 g/l).
Red cell transfusion in CKD
Indication of Blood transfusion• When rapid correction of anemia is required to
stabilize the patient’s condition e.g.,acute hemorrhage
• When rapid pre-operative Hb correction is required• When symptoms and signs related to anemia are present in patients in whom ESA therapy is
ineffective.• When symptoms and signs related to anemia are present in patients in whom the risks of ESA therapy may outweight the benefits
Alogorithm
THANK YOU