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first aid for bone muscle and joint injuries
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Muscle/Bone & Joint Injuries
Muscles
600 in body Muscles attach to bones
by tendons shorten & lengthen –
contract/relax Have electrical impulses
to produce contractions Paralysis- loss of nerve
impulses
Bones
• 200 in body• Hard & dense=strong• Have a lot of blood
supply thus increasing bleeding
• Children have flexible bones, don’t break as much.
• Problem if break in growth plate
Osteoporosis
• Silent disease• Common in age > 60Risk factors:
-female-elderly-family history-small, thin frame- menopause
Prevention:-diet –calcium, vitamin D & minerals-Exercise-don’t smoke- low alcohol intake
Osteoporosis
Joints
-Ends where 2 or more bones meet-Held together by ligaments
Fracture-break, chip or crack in bone
Open fracture• Involves open wound• Bone may be sticking out• Risk infection & bleeding
Closed fracture• Skin not broken
Dislocation-movement of a bone at a joint away from normal position
• Caused by violent force• Ligaments may be torn
Joint injury
Sprain• Tearing of ligaments• May cause a dislocation
strain• Stretching/tearing of
muscles or tendons
S/SX of bone/joint injury
• Pain• Bruising /swelling• Deformity• Can’t use part that is hurt• Bone sticking out• Grating sound• Heard snap, pop• Cold, numb, tingling• Cause of injury
Treatment
Rest-don’t moveImmobilize-Cold-20 min. on & off– Barrier b/t ice & skin– No heat/hot tubs
Elevate-helps to decrease swelling
Splinting
Only if: you have to move- doesn’t increase
pain-Splint as foundFractures: splint above &
below jointSprains/joint injury: splint
above & below injuryMonitor CSM: Circulation
Sensation Movement
Types of splints
• Anatomic• Soft splint• Rigid splint• The ground
Head/Neck /Spinal Injuries
• Life threatening• More common in malesComplications:
- paralysis - memory loss- speech
problems
Dx: CT scan/MRI
Brain Injuries
Brain bleeds
Increases pressure
Damages brainCausing more
damage/increase swelling
Herniate brain ( push down
through spinal column)
Spinal cord injury
• Vertebrae –bones that protect spinal cord
• Disks- cartilage b/t vertebrae to provide cushions
s/sx of head/neck/spinal injury
• Head/neck injury• Car crash• Fall from high place• Helmet broken• Tingling, weakness• Change in LOC• Appears intoxicated• > 65 years old• < 3 years old
Tx: 911 stabilize head/neck
Concussion
• Temporary loss of brain function
s/sx: confusion - headache - asking what happened - temporary memory loss - Loss of consciousness - N/V - speech problems - blurred vision/light sensitivity
Treat concussion
Tx: All should be evaluated- stabilize head/neck-ABC- Control bleeding- do not apply pressure if deformity of skull
- if CSF leaking- cover - reassure
Pelvic injuries
• Pelvis large bones of hips• Could be seriouss/sx: severe pain
-bruising-bleeding-N/V-tenderness in abdomen-loss of sensation in legs- shock
Tx: do not move, ? Spine injury