Dr.M.Hemanth kumar – M.Sc.Ph.D.MBAResearch Head of Patanjali

Some 0.7 million new cases of cancer are reported every year in India. It is estimated that there are 2.5 million cancer cases at any point of time and the disease claims around 0.4 million deaths annually. India represents about 8% of estimated global cancer deaths and about 6% of all deaths in India.

Data for 10 cities that are part of the population-based cancer registries maintained by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) show, for instance, Ahmedabad has the highest percentage of tobacco-related cancer cases and Delhi has the lowest cancer mortality.

Annually, nearly 500,000 people die of cancer in India. The WHO said this number is expected to rise to 700,000 by 2015

Cancer incidence and mortality in India

With a million new cases being reported every year, cancer seems to be tightening its grip on India. Experts say the incidence of the killer disease is expected to rise five-fold by 2025

Biomarkers in tumor diagnosticsTumor markers represent a subset of biomarkers that are indicative for cancerous growth. Most of these marker are being produced by both normal cells as well as tumor cells. The levels at which they are present in bodily fluids like urine, saliva or blood are however typically significantly higher in patients with various malignancies.There is a plethora of tumor markers being used which can be classified base on their function, the way they are detected, or the kind of sample in which they are measured:

Oncofetal antigensTumor associated antigensHormones and hormone receptorsEnzymes and isoenzymesSerum and tissue proteinsCancer stem cellsother tumor markers such genetic markers and biomolecules.

How to measure tumor markers

Presently, the majority are proteins or peptides. Consequently, they can be qualitatively and quantitatively measured using immunological methods such as ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, or other methods depending on the nature of the marker and of the sample.

An increasing number of tumor markers are also based on genetic variations. Altered expression patterns and mutations in certain oncogenes do not affect the type of malignancy but are also determinants for the response to treatment.

Ayurvedic concept of cancer Charaka and Sushruta samhitas

inflammatory non-inflammatory

Arbuda (major neoplasm)Granthi (minor neoplasm)

benign neoplasm (Vataja, Pittaja or Kaphaja )

Malignant tumors (Tridosaja)

Fundamental classification Ayurvedic classification of neoplasm depends on various clinical symptoms in relation to Tridoshas :

Group I: Diseases that can be named as clear malignancy, which includes arbuda and granthi, e.g. mamsarbuda (melanoma) and raktarbuda (leukemia), mukharbuda (oral cancer), etc.

Group II: Diseases that can be considered as cancer, such as incurable ulcers with e.g. tridosaj gulmas (abdominal tumours like carcinomas of the stomach and liver or lymphomas).

Group III: Diseases with the possibility of malignancy, e.g. Visarpa (erysipelas), asadhya kamala (incurable jaundice) and nadi vrana (sinusitis)

Sushruta has proposed six stages in the pathogenesis of all diseases but his concept suits more to the pathology of the tumor than pathogenesis itself. 1. Sanchaya: early stages of localized neoplastic changes. 2. Prakopa: transformation of primary growths into metastatic tumours. 3. Prasara: metastasis. 4. Sthana samsraya: complete metastasis and secondary growth. 5. Vyakti: clinical signs and symptoms are expressed. 6. Bheda: the stage where differentiation of growth occurs on the basis of histopathology

HERBS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITY

Ashwagangdha (Withenia somnifera)

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)

Haridra (Curcuma longa)

Tulsi (Oscimium sanctum)

Pippali (Piper longum)

Neem (Azadirachta indica)

Garlic (Allium sativa)

Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Shatavari (Asparagous racemosus)

ShilajitDaruhaldi

(berberis aristata)

HERBS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITY

Taxus wallichiana(Himalayan yew)

Vitis vinifera(Grape)

Punica granatum(pomegranate)

Largerstroemia speciosa(Banaba)

Psidium guavajava(Guava)

Coleus forskoli(pakanbhed)

Paris polyphylla(dhood bach)

Picrorhiza kurroa(kutki)

Pterocarpus marsupium(vijaysar)

Silybum marianum(Milk thistle)

Plant source Compound Family

Allamanda cathartica Allamandin Apocynaceae

Ipomoea batatas 4-ipomeanol Convolvulaceae

Penstemon deutus Penstimide Scrophulariaceae

Baccharis megapotamica Baccharin Compositae

Helenium autumnale Helenalin Compositae

Liatris chapmanii Liatrin Compositae

Phyllanthus acuminatus Phyllanthoside Euphorbiaceae

Vernonia hymenolepis Vernolepin Compositae

Phyllanthus acuminatus Gnidin Thymelaeaceae

Jatropha gossypiifolia Jatrophone Euphorbiaceae

Taxus brevifolia Taxol Taxaceae

Brucea antidysenterica Bruceantin Simaroubaceae

Simarouba glauca Glaucarubinone Simaroubaceae

Holacantha emoryi Holacanthone Simaroubaceae

Marah oreganus Cucurbitacin Cucurbitaceae

Acernegundo Acer saponin P Aceraceae

Bersama abyssinica Hellebrigenin Melianthaceae

Acnistus arborescens Withaferin A Solanaceae

Combretum caffrum Combretastin A-4 Combretaceae

Podophyllum peltatum α-and β-peltatin Berberidaceae

P.hexandrum, P.peltatum Podophyllotoxin Berberidaceae

Steganotaenia araliaaceae Steganacin Umbelliferae

Jacaranda caucana Jacaranone Bignoniaceae

Stereospermum sauveolens Lapachol Bignoniaceae

Crotalaria spectabilis Monocrotaline Leguminosae

Heliotropium indicum Indicine-N-oxide Boraginaceae

Cephaelis acuminata Emetine Rubiaceae

Cyclea peltata Tetrandrine Menispermaceae

Thalictrum dasycarpum Thalicarpine Ranunculaceae

Fagara zanthoxyloides Nitidine Rutaceae

F.macrophylla Nitidine Rutaceae

Tylophora crebiflora Tylocrebine Asclepiadaceae

Acronychia baueri Acronycine Rutaceae

Ochrosia elliptica, O.moorei Ellipticine Apocynaceae

O.maculata 9-methoxyellipticine Apocynaceae

Camptotheca acuminata Camptothecin Nyssaceae

Cephalotaxus harringtonia Harringtonine Cephalotaxaceae

C.harringtonia Homoharringtonine Cephalotaxaceae

Catharanthus lanceus, C. Leurosine Apocynaceae

Approved anticancer agents

• Nine plant derived compounds have been approved for use as anticancer drugs ( INDIA)

• Vinblastin • Vincristine• Etoposide• Teriposide• Taxol• Navelbine• Taxotere• Topotecan• Irinotecan

TRADITIONAL Plants Used For The Treatment Of Cancer 37 PLANTS

Biological source & Family Local name

Parts used Preparations

Abrus precatorius Fabaceae

Gunja Roots and leaves

Leaves decoction, flowers internally and aqueous extract of roots in treatment of blood cancer

Acacia nilotica Fabaceae

Bambri, babul

Stem and root barks

Stem and root barks decoction and patients are advised to gargle with this decoction

Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae

Arusa Roots, leaves, flowers and stem

Juice/extract given internally, plant is burnt and the patients are advised to inhale the fume

Aegle marmelos Rutaceae

Bael Bark and flower The roots, leaves, bark and flowers decoction

Alangium salviifolium Alangiaceae

Ankol Roots, bark and fruits

Bark decoction or boil the fresh bark in base oil to prepare special oil is considered beneficial for the cancerous wound, fruits for lung cancer

Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae

Sirsa Flower and bark

Flowers in form of aqueous extract applied externally and bark in the form of powder given internally

Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae

Kadam Fruits and leaves

Consuming Kadam fruits during growing season, dried leaves powders internally

Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae

Kathal Seed, bark and roots

Few pinches of root powder are given internally and the roots decoction

Astercantha ongifolia Acanthaceae

Mokhla Root Aqueous extract

Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae

Hingot Bark and fruits Dried bark powder, fruits pulps for blood cancer

Bambusa sp. Poaceae

Bans Leaves, bark and seed

Leaf juice and bark decoction internally, seeds with Shahad (Honey).

Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae

Son Patta Flower and leaves

Flower given with cow milk, leaves decoction

Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae

Char Seed, bark and root

Roots are used in form of dry powder, in form of decoction, bark powder with cow milk and honey

Butea monosperma Fabaceae

Parsa Leaves and fruits

Leaf juices & fruit powder.

Calotropis gigantea Asclepiadaceae

Fudhar Root and latex

Root decoction for lung cancer and roots are dipped in its latex, burnt and patients are advice to inhale it

Cannabis sativa Cannabaceae

Bhang Leaves The leaves are crushed and with the help of cow milk an aqueous paste is prepared. This paste is applied externally on the wound

Cassia fistula Fabaceae

Dhanbaher

Leaves and fruits

Leaf juice in treatment of cancerous wound, The fruit pulp is boiled in water to prepare concentrate decoction given internally

Citrus medica Rutaceae

Bijaura Fruit, seed, bark and root

Dried fruits powder, root in the form of paste, bark in the form of decoction

Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae

Dhania Seed and whole herbs

Boil the seed powder in water to prepare concentrate decoction. The patients are advised to gargle with this decoction, whole herb juice advised to take it internally

Curcuma sp. Zingiberaceae

Haldi Rhizome Both internally as well as externally in treatment of cancer

Datura species Solanaceae

Dhatra Leaf and flower Dhatura leaf juice, opium and sonth (Dried Ginger) and in form of paste applied this combination on cancerous wound

Diospyros elanoxylon Ebenaceae

Tendu Fruits and bark Bark paste with cow milk

Embelia ribes Euphorbiaceae

Baibirang Leaves, Roots and fruits

Leaves are used externally in form of decoction and paste

Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae

Aonla, amala Leaf, roots and bark

Leaf juices, root boil in mustard oil for cancerous wound

Euphorbia neriifolia Euphorbiaceae

Thura Latex and leaves

Fresh latex and leave extract

Ficus benghalensis Moraceae ,

Bargad Bark, root and fresh latax

Barks of Bar, Maharukh (Ailanthus excelsa) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) and prepare the combination, fresh latex internally

Ficus glomerata Moraceae.

Doomar Leaves, bark and roots

Leaves juice bark juice, dried root powder given internally

Ficus religiosa Moraceae

Pipal Leaves and fruits

Leaf extract

Gloriosa superba Colchicaceae

Kalihari Bulb, leaves and seeds

Freshly collected bulbs are crushed and added in mustard seed oil. The combination is boiled and when all watery contents evaporate the boiling is stopped and special oil is used after filtration. The special oil is considered beneficial for the cancerous wound, The leaves are given internally in form of juice

Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae

Khamhar Leaves and fruits

Leaves juice, dried fruits powder

Hibiscus rosasinensis Malvaceae

Jason Flowers Dried flower powder

Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae

Ama Leaves and inner bark

The leaves of Arusa (Adhatoda vasica), Kukurmutta (Blumea lacera) and Chirchita (Achyranthes aspera) are mixed in equal proportion. The Ama leaves are taken in double amount of this combination and mixed thoroughly. The combination is burnt and the patients are advised to inhale the fumes for lung cancer

Melia azedarach Meliaceae

Bakain Root, bark and fruits

Dried root powder is given internally, inner bark and extract the juice given internally

Moringa oleifera Moringaceae

Munga Bark, flowers Bark decoction, dried flowers powder

Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae

Kevatch Root, seed and whole herbs

Patients having mouth cancer to always put the freshly collected Kevatch root inside the mouth, seed powder useful in treatment of cancer pain

Nerium odorum Apocynaceae

Kaner Root and flowers

Roots decoction is prepared. The patients are advised to wash the wound with the help of this decoction

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae

Harshringar Leaves and bark

Dried bark powder given internally, leaves decoction

Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae

Tulsi Seed and leaves

Decoction of seed and leaves internally

p pPIK3

AKT

mTOR

Ras

BRAFMEK

ERK 1,2

SOS

CELL SURVIVAL/INHIBITION OF APOPTOSIS

CELL PROLIFERATION

Cancer cell survival and proliferation pathway

TYROSINE KINASE SITE ACTIVATION

EGF BINDING TO EGFR

p pPIK3

AKT

mTOR

Ras

BRAFMEK

ERK 1,2

SOS

CELL Death/ APOPTOSIS

Inhibitory mechanism of Tinosporin isolated from Tinopsora cardifolia EGF BINDING TO EGFR

TYROSINE KINASE SITE INHIBITION

TUMOR SUPPRESSION

Trypan blue assayLive malignant circulating cancer cells

Before incubationAfter 4 hrs of incubation TINOSPORIN

Overnight incubation with Tinosporin

“Principle : Live cells reject dye and dead cells uptake dye “

Trypan blue Assay for anti cancer activity

Antibody Immuno assay for inhibition activity on different marker proteins of cancer cell

Dr. M.Hemanth KumarResearch Head of PatanjaliPatanjali Food and Herbal ParkHaridwar – Uttarakhand -249404

Email : phytochem2@gmail.comPhone : (+91-8126632797)