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77C H A P T E R
Mark A. Williams
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Anatomy and PhysiologyResponses to Exercise
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Anatomy and PhysiologyResponses to Exercise
Chapter Outline
Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology
Respiratory anatomy and physiology
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to acute exercise
Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to aerobic and resistance exercise training
External influences on cardiorespiratory response
Human Heart Structure and Blood FlowHuman Heart Structure and Blood Flow
Electrical Conduction System of the HeartElectrical Conduction System of the Heart
Transmission of Cardiac Impulse Through the HeartTransmission of Cardiac Impulse Through the Heart
Normal ElectrocardiogramNormal Electrocardiogram
Arterial and Venous Components of the Circulatory System
Arterial and Venous Components of the Circulatory System
The cardiovascular system transports
nutrients and removes waste products while
helping to maintain the environment for all the
body’s functions. The blood transports oxygen
from the lungs to the tissues for use in cellular
metabolism; blood also transports carbon
dioxide—the most abundant by-product of
metabolism—from the tissues to the lungs,
where it is removed from the body.
Gross Anatomy of the Human Respiratory SystemGross Anatomy of the Human Respiratory System
Contraction and Expansion of the Thoracic CageContraction and Expansion of the Thoracic Cage
The primary function of the
respiratory system is the basic
exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide.
The Brain’s Respiratory CenterThe Brain’s Respiratory Center
Blood Pressures in Different Portions of the Circulatory SystemBlood Pressures in Different Portions of the Circulatory System
Acute aerobic exercise results in increased
cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate,
oxygen uptake, systolic blood pressure, and
blood flow to active muscles and a decrease in
diastolic blood pressure. Resistance exercise
with low intensity and high volume generally
results in similar responses, some to a lesser
degree.
Acute bouts of high-intensity, low-volume
resistance exercise result in increased heart
rate and increased diastolic and systolic blood
pressure but no change in oxygen uptake, no
change or a slight increase in cardiac output,
and no change or a slight decrease in stroke
volume.
Distribution of Tidal Volume in a Healthy Subject at RestDistribution of Tidal Volume in a Healthy Subject at Rest
During aerobic exercise, large amounts of
oxygen diffuse from the capillaries into the
tissues, increased levels of carbon dioxide
move from the blood into the alveoli, and minute
ventilation increases to maintain appropriate
alveolar concentrations of these gases.
Pressure Gradients for Gas Transfer in the Body at RestPressure Gradients for Gas Transfer in the Body at Rest
Aerobic exercise training results in
increased maximal cardiac output and maximal
oxygen uptake, slower resting heart rate,
increased capillarization, improved ventilation
efficiency, increased oxygen extraction, and
OBLA occurring at a higher percentage of
aerobic capacity.
Resistance training is not effective in
improving maximal oxygen uptake. Training
with high intensity and low volume results in no
change or a decrease in capillary density, no
known change in ventilation, no improvement
in oxygen extraction, and very high blood
lactate concentrations. Conversely, low-
intensity, high-volume training may increase
capillarization and improve oxygen extraction.