Circulatory system

Circulatory System

Reported by:Christian Mike Tangonan

Jian Lyn SaavedraAngelica Mae CadungogJosh Christian Protacio

Waureen Greece Naranja

Circulatory System

- is also known as the body’s transport system.

- regulates the flow of nutritive fluids and materials, wastes substances and water in the bodies of living organisms.

- it’s main functions are to deliver food and oxygen to the cells and to pick up the cells’ waste materials and carbon dioxide.

-consists of the blood, the blood vessels and the heart.

Types of Circulatory System

- are present in many invertebrates including antropods and mollusks.

- an animal with open circulatory system has one or more hearts, a network of blood vessels, a large space within the body called a hemocoel.

a. Open Circulatory System

Types of Circulatory System

- are present in some invertebrates including earthworm and very active mollusks (such as squids and octopuses) .

- are also a characteristic of all vertebrate, including human.

b. Closed Circulatory System

- in this condition, blood is confined in the heart and a continuous series of blood vessels.

A grasshopper having an open circulatory system.

An earthworm having a closed circulatory system.

The HumanBlood

Blood

- is not red in reality. It is a clear, pale yellow liquid, almost like water.

- circulates through the entire body, feeding supplying and even defending the cells or tissues that make up the body.

Components of the Blood

a. Plasma

- comprises 50-60 % of the blood.

- the serum, which is the clear yellowish liquid part of the plasma gives the color of blood.

- it transports bloods, particularly erythrocytes.

- carries food to the cells and picks up waste material .

Components of the Blood

b. Blood Cells

- are solid components of the blood.

- makes up the:

• Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

• White Blood Cells or Leukocytes

• Platelets or Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

- a very small, round disc-shaped cells which are thinned out in the center.

- are the most abundant cells in the blood.

- have a pigment called hemoglobin, which contains iron and carries oxygen. Also gives red color to erythrocytes.

Leukocytes

- protects the body against foreign invading substances particularly bacteria.

-classified into two:

• Granulocyte

• Agranulocyte

Granulocytes

- characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.

Examples:

•Neutrophil

- active phagocyte, number increases rapidly during short term or acute infection.

•Eosinophil

- kills parasitic worms and increase during allergy attack.•Basophil

- contains histamine, which is discharged as site of inflammation.

Agranulocytes

- characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm.

Examples:

•Lymphocyte

- responsible for the production of antibodies that help provide immunity against disease.

•Monocytes

-active phagocytes that become macrophage in the tissue.

Thrombocytes

- smallest blood vessels for blood clotting.

- contain and release a substance called thromboplastin, a type of protein needed in blood clotting.

Hematopoiesis

- production of blood cells in the red bone marrow.

Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels

- the channels where blood flows.

Arteries

- carry blood away from the heart.

- have thick walls embedded with smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

Arterioles

- branches arteries into small vessels.

Capillaries

- thinnest of all vessels where actual process of diffusion occur.

- exchanging of wastes, nutrients, gases, and hormones between the blood and body occur .

Veins

- provide a low-resistance pathway that conducts blood back toward the heart.

- are thinner, less muscular, and more expandable than arteries.

Venules

- branches veins into small vessels.

Blood Typing

Blood Group

White(% US

population)

Black(% US

population)

Asian(% US

population)

RBC Antige

ns

Plasma Antibodi

es

Blood that can

received

AB 4 4 5 AB

None A,B,AB,O(Universal Recipient)

B 11 20 27 B Anti-A B,O

A 40 27 28 A Anti-B A,O

O 45 49 40 None Anti-AAnti-B

O(Universal

Donor)

The Human Heart

Heart

- a muscular pump located between the lungs and above the diaphragm.

- can pump about 10 000 litres of blood daily.

- works and contracts about 70 times a minute.

- a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood within the circulatory system throughout the body.

Parts of the Heart and its Functions

Pericardium- a protective membrane that surrounds the heart.


There are four chambers found inside the heart namely:•Right Atrium- collects deoxygenated blood from the body.

•Right Ventricle- pumps deoxygenated blood out of the heart and to the lungs for oxygenation.


•Left Atrium- receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.•Left Ventricle- more muscular than the right ventricle because of the amount of the blood that is to be pushed out of the heart.


Blood passing through these four chambers are protected from backflow by valves. These valves do not actively open or close; they move only in response to pressure from the blood. These are:

•Tricuspid Valve- found between the right atrium and right ventricle.•Bicuspid or Mitral Valve- found between the left auricle and left ventricle.•Pulmonary Semilunar Valve- found between the left auricle and left ventricle.•Aortic Semilunar Valve- found between the left ventricle and aorta.


Septum- divides the heart into its right and left sides.

- also prevents the crossing of blood from one side to another. Blood that passes the right side of the heart is deoxygenated while the left side is oxygenated.


The pumping tubes or vessels to and from the heart consist of large arteries and veins. These are:

•Superior Vena Cava- located at the upper part of the heart and brings blood from head and arms.•Inferior Vena Cava- located at the lower part of the heart and brings blood from the lower parts of the body.•Pulmonary Artery- carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.•Pulmonary Vein- brings back oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

•Aorta- the largest artery in the heart.

The Cardiac Cycle

Cardiac Cycle

- is the sequence of events which makes up one beat. There are only three main stages in this continuous process. These are:

1. Atrial Systole- both atria contract. Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. Backflow of blood into the veins is prevented by closure of valves in the veins.

Cardiac Cycle

2. Ventricular systole- both ventricles contract. The atrio-ventricular valves close. The semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery open. Blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries.

Cardiac Cycle

3. Ventricular diastole- atria and ventricles relax. Blood flows from the veins through the atria and into the ventricles.

Blood Circulatio

n

Deoxygenated blood from arms

Superior Vena Cava

Deoxygenated blood from legs

Inferior Vena Cava

Veins Veins

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Tricuspid Valve

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Pulmonary ArteryLungsOxygenate

d blood

Pulmonary Vein

Bicuspid Valve

Left Atrium Left Ventricle

Aorta

Pulmonary Semilu

nar

Valve Arteries

All Body Cells

Flow of Blood

Body Circulation

1. Coronary Circulation- is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle.

Body Circulation

2. Pulmonary Circulation- involves the lungs as oxygen supplier of the blood coming from the body and the heart.

Body Circulation

3. Renal Circulation- receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava. It is the blood supply to the kidney, and contains many specialized blood vessels.

Body Circulation

4. Portal Circulation- involves an extensive system of veins that lead from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine and colon.

Body Circulation

5. Fetal Circulation- is the circulatory system of a human fetus, often encompassing the entire fetoplacental circulation that also includes the umbilical cord and the blood vessels within the placenta that carry fetal blood.

Body Circulation

6. Systemic Circulation- involves the heart, the blood vessels and all body parts.

Some Common

Diseases of Circulatory

System

Some Common Diseases of Circulatory

SystemCoronary Heart Disease- is the number one disease that causes death and invalidism. This is due to too much cholesterol in the blood and uncontrolled high blood pressure. It occurs when the supply of blood to parts of the heart is cut off. The blood cannot reach the heart. The arteries that carry blood to the heart are clogged.Treatment/ Prevention:•Eat a healthy diet. •Control your cholesterol and blood pressure•Manage stress and get help for depression.


SystemCardiomyopathy- is caused due to weakening of the heart muscles or myocardium. In the early stages, the ventricular muscles or muscles of the lower heart chamber are affected. If left untreated, it spreads to the upper heart muscles. Treatment/ Prevention:•Quit smoking•Eat healthfully—a healthy diet low in cholesterol•Seek out regular exercise•Maintaining a healthy weight•Limiting alcohol consumption—heavy consumption should be avoided


SystemCongenital heart defect - is present at birth and may be mild or severe. The fetus may show incomplete and/or abnormal development of the heart organ, causing symptoms like heart murmur in infants.

Treatment/ Prevention:•Avoid alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy. •Doctors should be made aware that a woman is pregnant before prescribing any medications for her. •A blood test should be done early in the pregnancy to see if the woman is immune to rubella. If the mother is not immune, she must avoid any possible exposure to rubella and should be immunized immediately following delivery.


SystemArrhythmia- is irregular heart rhythm, in which the heart beats abnormally at a slower or faster rate. In most cases, arrhythmia is congenital and results from a heart defect. Based on the severity of arrhythmia, medication, surgical procedure and implanting pacemakers are followed in order to regulate heart rhythm.Treatment/ Prevention:•Making healthy lifestyle choices. •Maintaining a healthy weight.•Stopping smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke. •Avoiding unnecessary stress, such as anger, anxiety or fear, and finding ways to manage or control stressful situations that cannot be avoided.


SystemRheumatic Fever- is an inflammatory disease caused due to Group A streptococcal infection. It is so called owing to its similarity to rheumatism which involves medical problems affecting the connective tissues and joints. Typically, rheumatic fever develops two to three weeks after being afflicted by streptococcal infections such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Treatment/ Prevention:•Use penicillin to combat existing infections•Order bed rest until the acute stages of the disease have passed.


SystemHypertension- the heart is having to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. It is also a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is chronically elevated. Hypertension can be caused by several factors like over-eating, worry, anxiety, and tension. The common symptoms are headache and dizziness.Treatment/ Prevention:•Rest, both mental and physical, • Eat low sodium diet• weight reduction.


SystemHypotension- is a disease caused by poor diet or by some chronic disease. Occasionally, Hypotension is accompanied by a feeling of weakness, headache, shortness of breath, dizziness, inability to concentrate, and digestive disturbances.


SystemAnemia- is mainly due to iron deficiency. This is a disease or a condition wherein a person lacks hemoglobin in the blood. In iron-deficiency anemia, the hemoglobin count is low. This may be caused by a diet that does not contain enough iron. Certain foods like raisins and liver are rich in iron. These foods may be included in the diet to prevent this type of anemia.

Treatment/ Prevention:•Rest, whole blood, supplemental iron, and replacement of dietary deficiencies are the recommended treatment measures.


SystemLeukemia- is also known as cancer of the blood. This is caused by an abnormal increase in the leukocytes (WBC) of the blood. In leukemia, there is an uncontrolled production of leukocytes either in red bone marrow or in the lymphoid tissue. The WBCs count is high but non-functional. The person with leukemia has a low resistance to infections.Treatment/ Prevention:•Evacuate the patient to a medical facility


SystemAtherosclerosis- is a hardening of the arteries caused by the build-up of a fatty substance (cholesterol) on their walls. Such build-up is called plaque. As they develop, they tend to protrude into the blood vessel and interfere with the flow of blood.Treatment/ Prevention:•Eat a healthy diet. •Control your cholesterol and blood pressure•Manage stress and get help for depression.


SystemAngina- is pain or discomfort in the chest area, which is caused due to blockage in the blood vessels leading to the heart. The symptoms of angina are observed when there is insufficient supply of oxygen and blood to the heart muscles.

Rest! Nitroglycerine is thedrug of choice.Amyl nitrite is sometimesused.Rest! Nitroglycerine is thedrug of choice.Amyl nitrite is sometimesused.

Treatment/ Prevention:•Rest•Nitroglycerine is the drug of choice. •Amyl nitrite is some times used.

Some Simple ways of

caring our Circulatory

System

Some Simple ways of caring our Circulatory

System1. Exercise regularly, this helps to improve the circulation of the blood.

Simple ways of caring our Circulatory

System2. Eat a well balanced diet.


System3. Avoid eating too much saturated fat. Use beneficial fats and oils.


System4. Avoid smoking cigarettes or staying with smokers. Smoking increases the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease.


System5. Try to reduce stress.


System6. And the important one is to have a positive outlook in life.

Health & Medicine

Circulatory system