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Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009 The Beijing Olympics Experience presented by Prof. Zhu Tong (College of Environmental Studies and Engineering, Peking University) http://air.dialogue.org.hk
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The Beijing Olympics experience –what is needed to make a mega-event
produce long lasting benefits for host cities?
Tong ZhuTong ZhuCollege of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringCollege of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Peking university, Beijing , China Peking university, Beijing , China
and the CAREBEIJING teamand the CAREBEIJING team(Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Re(Campaigns of Air Quality Research in Beijing and Surrounding Region)gion)
2.12.166665353161161241(66.0%)241(66.0%)20062006
2.02.066665050142142234(64.1%)234(64.1%)20052005
2.22.272725555149149229(62.5%)229(62.5%)20042004
148148
141141
166166
165165
162162
PMPM10 10 !!g mg m--33
2.42.472726161224(61.4%)224(61.4%)20032003
2.02.066664747246(67.4%)246(67.4%)20072007
2.52.576766767203(55.6%)203(55.6%)20022002
2.62.671716464185(50.7%)185(50.7%)20012001
2.72.771717171177(48.4%)177(48.4%)20002000
CO mg mCO mg m--33NONO2 2 !!g mg m--33SOSO2 2 !!g mg m--33Attainment DaysAttainment Days
Air Quality in Beijing has been improvedAir Quality in Beijing has been improvedAttainment days are increasing (Source: Beijing EPB)Attainment days are increasing (Source: Beijing EPB)
The improvement can be attributed to the 14 stages of air pollution controlling measures in Beijing, since 1998.
Close and/relocate polluting industryClose small size coal burner/stoves Change the energy structure, replacing coal with natural gasControl the dust from construction siteStrict vehicle emission standards, European IVPhase out old fleets of buses, passenger cars, and trucksPower plants: control on SO2, NOx, and particle emission
The vehicle number is increasing fast in Beijing since 1990
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1980 20001990 1995 2003 2006
MODIS
AOD
NO2(6day, 25km)
MOPITT
COOnce every
3-6 days100 km
TOMSTOR
O3Monthly100km
(Alexis Lau, HKUST)
116.2
116.3
116.4
116.5
39.8
39.9
40.0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
!"#NO2$%&'()*+,-./011234562-,78/9:;,<(/=/>1?61/@1,$%A/
BC0,DEFGHHIIJ
KFGLM/FJ
NFGLM/FJ
NO2 0
7.500
15.00
22.50
30.00
37.50
45.0050.00
!
OPDOASQRST
Aircraft
Main Findings of CAREBEIJINGIntegrated observation of ground, towers, aircraft, and satellite
1. Regional Efforts required2. Controlling SO2 is an effective way in
reducing fine particle concentration3. Controlling VOC is an effective way in
reducing O3~40-60% VOC from Vehicle emission
3. Besides traffic control, systematic controlling measures, including those for construction and industries, are necessary.
Regional Controlling Policy Suggestions: Central Government Adopted
Beijing:1. Shift of energy structure2. Restructuring of the industry3. Install and operating
pollution prevention and control measures
4. Traffic control
Tianjin:1. Shift of energy structure2. Restructuring of the
industry3. Install and operating
pollution prevention and control measures
4. Traffic control
Shandong:1. Install and
operating pollution prevention and control measures
Hebei:1. Shift of energy structure2. Restructuring of the
industry3. Install and operating
pollution prevention and control measures
4. Traffic control
Shanxi:1. Shift of energy
structure2. Restructuring of the
industry3. Install and
operating pollution prevention and control measures
Inner Mongolia:1. Install and
operating pollution prevention and control measures
Area: 1.17 M. km2, Population: 240 M, GDP in 2006: 5.2 Trillion RMB,18%, 19%, and 25% of China
HEART (Health Effects of Air Pollution Reduction Trial) (HEI+NIEHS, Beijing EPB)
V4V3
Pre-Olympics During-Olympics Post-Olympics
September 24, 2008
July 20, 2008
V5V2
V1 V6
6/10 to
6/23
8/16 to
8/29
6/24 to7/7
10/6 to
10/17
10/20 to
10/318/4 to
8/15
CAREBeijing-H Study Schedule(NSFC, Beijing EPB)
Children PanelElderly
Panel
Pre-Olympics During-Olympics Post-Olympics
September 24, 2008
July 20, 2008
Elderly Panel
Children Panel
Elderly Panel
6/9-20
9/1 -126/23-7/11
10/20 to
10/31
8/11-158/23-299/15-19
CVD Elderly Panel
Summer 2007
Children Panel
July-Aug
June, Sept
Long lasting benefits: • air quality improvement• public awareness (health study)• experience and confidence among authorities and
scientific community• infrastructure: energy, industry, transportation• a case for cost-benefits analysis • models for other cities:
Shanghai World Expo, Guangzhou Asian Game
Reasons for success:1. Strong political will:
Long term commitment and clear goal: 14 stages action in BeijingCentral government coordinates regional efforts
2. Systematic research: Solid Scientific Evidences, Blue Sky, 8M, 12 M, 26 M RMB projects
3. Public concern and pressure: daily life + Olympics4. Favorable meteorological condition
