“Clinical abnormalities of the human foot investigated in adult period of life“

STUDENT SCIENCE PROJCET Mentor Author

Ass. Elizabeta Chadikovska MD. PhD. Martin Angjelov Doctor of sciences Ist year of medical studies –

General medicine

IntroductionTHE HUMAN FOOT cares the whole axial weight of the human body. The weight is concentrated on the calcaneus bone.The complex anatomy of the foot, makes it to be an scientific target which is good to be studied well and discussed approximately. Anyway it is good to know that the most common diseases on the adult period of life are foot abnormalities.

Little history doesn’t make us unhappy

• In Egyptian period club foot is found on Mummy of the Pharaoh Siptah’s left leg. It is considered that in that period of life there is still possibilities that in other part of the earth to be found such different or the same abnormality.

• The son of Zeus and Hera , Hefest had also club foot.• The ancient Aztecs had been curing the club foot since their knowing about them. They are curing it with

bamboo leaves. • Some Egyptian dwarf's statues had also foot disorders.

The bones of the foot are structured from three groups named as: tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges. There are 7 tarsal, 5 metatarsal and 14 phalanges, or in sum the foot is structured from 26 bones instead. The foot also has 2 sesamoid bones, 33 joints, 19 muscles and 107 ligaments.

IS IT REALLY DANGER, TO HAVE EXTRA

BONES IN MY FEET???

Positioning of the feet

SHORT PREVIEW: VASCULARISATION AND INEVRATION

The reasons can be divided into 9 groups:

•Because of the bad formed baby in the uterus of the mother, frequent without reason of the best knowing option. Hereditary factor is concede red to be the main role of the illness. There can be named: polidactility sindactily, Brach phalanges, anhondroplasy, spina bifida… The degree of the disease it may be interrupted by embryonic growing which has been started since the defecting started to show.

•Because of mechanical reasons, constricted uterus, twins, thirds, tumors, process uses and etc.

•Trauma during the pregnancy, punch into the stomach directly on gravid women might be dispose abnormality in blood circulation of the placenta.

•Inflammations and toxic factors, indeed in first month of pregnancy, for example: illness of the mother of rubella, ‘flu in first moon quartile. Then different Gastec toxic might be interrupting the locomotors system of the unborn baby.

•Physical factors- roentgen diagnostics •Toxicological pharmacy-factors such as: Thalidomide - reason for borne freaks in

Europe. •Alcohol, Drugs and Cigarettes. •Endocrine factors such as, abnormality in function of some glandule organs might be

given such as huge abnormalities of the baby. After destroying the thyroidea gland, for example there is cretinism.

Secondary factors (there are into the late period of life) - traumas, furunculous, inflammation processes, Tuberculosis, rachitic, poliomyelitis

PES PLANUS

PES LONGUS

PES EQUINES

PES EQUINOVARUS

CONGENITALIS

PES CAVUS PES CALANEUS

THE MOST INVOLVING CLINICAL THE MOST INVOLVING CLINICAL ABNORMALITIES IN HUMAN POPULATION ABNORMALITIES IN HUMAN POPULATION

Over 60% of the population, are face to face with these type of Over 60% of the population, are face to face with these type of anomalies, without a difference between soft or hard degree. anomalies, without a difference between soft or hard degree.

PES PLANUS (S. DUS TABAN - Flat foot)•DEFINITION The planar foot or (dus taban) is the most frequent deformity and its characteristics are with loosing the physiological sole of the foot.

•ETIOLOGYDus taban might be hereditary or congenital after early walking of the baby, patients with over weights of their body,

wearing hard clothes, muscle atrophy (hypertrophy, atrophy, hypotrophy), wearing constricted (shoes, bad anatomic sole with plug) and long standing.

THERAPY THERAPY

In children’s period (since last 20 years) it is practice to walking without shoes on sand, stones and bricks.

The kinesics therapy is summed of activating the muscles of the long flexors of the digitales (fingers) with getting strong the supinatores of the foot (mm. supinatores pedes). It is ordination of aqua exercises- know as hydro kinesics therapy (in low hot water - Archimedes’s law) every body in liquid is lighter. There also orthopedics shoes but remember that they must be made from industrial aluminum, plastic mixture, skin, wax, or tire.

THERAPY

PES VARUSPES VARUS• DEFINITION

This type od deformation is when the foot is turned inner, and the weight is on his external margin.

• ETIOLOGYHereditary (congenital) as result of trauma which bad grown up, after TBC, osteomyelitis and paralysis of nerve peroneus.

• CLINICAL VIEWBesides difficult esthetic, the child during running, he is jumping and falling over his own legs, and after long standing and walking, there are neuralgias in over all the wrinkles of the legs.

• THERAPYFor Pes varus the best option is passive exercises, passive herdsman, and gyps with plastic languets. Hydro kinesics therapy, massages, termed procedures (paraffin, fang, Para fang, therapy with sand and water, heliotherapy, IC light and UV light (Chromo therapy). However, there must be indication for chirurgical operation and solving the orthopedic problem.

THE HORSE FOOT (PES EQVINUS, PES BALERINUS)

• Pes equines is abnormality where the weight of the foot is concentrated on the (pars distalis) – distal parts of the fingers.

ETIOLOGY• Etiology is hereditary (congenital) or get of paralisis of the perioneus (Latin.

paralisis n. peronei), after paralytic foot, of destroying the central motor neuron, of traumas. Over the Plano grams, the most of the patients have very reduced print. The degree of the deformity is measuring up with degrees.

CLINICAL VIEW• This type of foot has longer of the normal leg, and the patients must be elevating

the foot very high during the walking (also knowing as - chicken walks). After there are sick (neuralgias) into the knees, foot and the wrinkles.

CONGENITAL EQUINOVARUS FOOT• DEFINITON• PES EQUINOVARUS CONGENITUS is defined as such that type of abnormality structured of three

components:• Equine’s of the talocruralis articulation (downer foot)• Varus of the foot (Turned foot – calcaneus foot)• Adduction of front segment of the foot • ETIOLOGY• This type of deformation is hereditary (congenital) and it is diagnose mostly on male children from the

same family. It may be receive through out the life as consecutive of bad grown up fracture and of neurotically nature.

• CLINICAL VIEW• This type of the foot gives difficulties in walking, jumping, running, standing. The human goes on his way

that rebound the one foot over the other foot. After, the bad esthetic, there are difference into static which gave him occupation of the foot, in talocruralis wrinkles, knees, coaxes and the spinal cord.

PES CALCANEUS 

DEFINITION and MEANINGPES  CALCANEUS is defined as abnormality which the whole weight of the foot is on the

calcaneus. It is diagnosed from Morbus Fried Reich and poliomyelitis. It is very frequent on children and during the time of diseasing all from him disappears.

ETIOLOGYIt is considered that PES CALCANEUS is purposed by bad circumstance of the feet during being in the uterus of the mother’s pregnancy. It might be secondary disease as beginning from acute trauma, losing the tonus of the muscles, or cut nerve. This disease might be turn around to outside and it is known as pes calcaneovalgus, and might be turn around to inside, which is called pes calcaneuovarus.

CLINICAL WIEVCahexia, Fevers, Diseases, Neuralgias, Disability of running, walking, jumping etc… CLINICAL THERAPYHerdsman in grips or lignite, exercises, termed procedures, pellucid therapy, paraffin therapy

and hydro procedures. Wearing orthopedic shoes, apparatus might help. However, if it doesn’t give cure, it is ordinates chirurgical operation.

PES CAVUS

CONCLUSION

The father of the medicine!

ARS LONGA VITA BREVISARS LONGA VITA BREVISPrimum, non nocere! Primum, non nocere!

Great thanks for your attention!Great thanks for your attention!

ANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?