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www.futurehealthsystems.org
Complex Adaptive Systems in HealthApplying system dynamics methodsProf David Bishai
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Workshop objectives
• (Re-)introduce participants to CAS framework
• Focused hands-on, interactive experience with system dynamics and related software
• Provide participants with a foundation for considering modeling with system dynamics in their own research
• Discuss linkages between system dynamics and FHS country work
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Workshop outline
• Intro to CAS
• Intro to System Dynamics (SD) and SD research
• Make your own model
• Discussion
The FHS CAS FrameworkA quick review
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Systems Thinking: Key Concepts
• Parts of a system are interdependent• Actions have consequences at
multiple levels• Optimizing one part can lead to
poor overall system performance• Organizational structures drive
behavior• Mental models influence actions
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Systems thinking in health systems involves
• Understand health systems actors, functions, principles, purpose• Make changes in financing,
organization, oversight• Look for responses in actors, health
services, money, information• Monitor effects on intended and
unintended outcomes
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Model for Understanding Health Systems Changes as Complex
Adaptive System
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Value added of CAS
• Challenges linear approaches and commonly held assumptions
• Greater focus on relationships than simpler cause and effect models
• Draws theoretical and methodological links from multiple disciplines to help frame knowledge about agents and their relationships
• Can suggests new stakeholders and opportunities for intervention
• Draws a dynamic picture of forces affecting change and their unintended consequences.
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Caveats of CAS
• CAS, being a collection of theories, is not always “well defined or differentiated”
• Little empirical application to date• Quantitative methodologies are complex• The benefits of using CAS versus those of
using other theories has not been explored
System dynamicsAn introduction
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Session objectives
• Broad introduction to System Dynamics methods
• Present an application of SD methods to public health dilemma (prevention vs. cure)
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Systems concepts in health
Most systems we model are composed of individuals inside units Units linked by institutions Units linked by coherence or monitoring Agents driven by incentives
Contracts transmit incentives across units Good contracts tie wanted incentives to easily
measured metrics
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Systems dynamics is …
A set of tools and approaches used to study the behavior of complex systems, particularly feedback loops (reinforcing or balancing).
Used to illustrate and model how simple systems exhibit unexpected, nonlinear, dynamic behavior. Predictive capabilities vs. identifying dynamic
responses
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Identifying states
A “state” is a concrete stock variable that lends itself to easy measurement Number of drugs in stock Number of patients in beds Number of employees on payroll
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Diagramming States
State=Stock of Drugs
States are diagrammed by rectangles:Every rectangle represents a state variable
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Diagramming Flows
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State
Inflow
Outflow
Rates are diagrammed by stopcocks:Arrows inside stopcocks mean “flow”
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Diagramming Controls
State
Inflow
Outflow
Controls are diagrammed by circles:Arrows not in stop cocks are arrows of influence
Black market demand
Transport cost
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Importance of Diagram
Can build mathematical model around each item in diagram
Level of state X Xt+1 = Xt+Rate of Inflowt – Rate of Outflowt
Rate of inflow Ratet+1 = F(Controlt) *Ratet
Control Controlt+1=f(Controls, Levels, Rates)
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A system dynamics model of unintended consequences of aid in weakening health
systems
Tilting the balance between curing and preventing.
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Introduction
Premise: Investing in prevention (e.g. primary care, injuries)
receives less attention than investing in curative care for acute illnesses
Understanding SD Policies to optimize spending on curative and preventive care
Purpose: A SD model of how resource allocation decisions impact the burden of disease and the health system Simulated epidemics Internal and external funds
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Methodology
• Vensim software• Stock and flow diagram
Type of variable Definition
Box/Level variable
Quantities which can accumulate
Rate Changes in quantity over time
Auxiliary variable
Constants or other parameters
Connectors Illustrate dependencies between variables
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A system dynamics model of unintended consequences of aid in weakening health
systems
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Initial model values
Plausible, but not representative of a particular disease and/or injury Population: 800; stable Disease A: infectious disease; can be cured by doctors Disease B: fatal severe injury; can be prevented by
hygienists Public funding allocated to curative and preventive care Private funding from NGOs and A patients Doctors and hygienists lobby for more resources from
all sources
Designed to, as a whole, have the model start at equilibrium, for better illustration of dynamic effects
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Subsystem 1: The population and disease model
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Subsystem 2: Health resources
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Subsystem 3a: Doctor resource allocation
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Subsystem 3b: Hygienist resource allocation
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Methods
Analyze cost and health effects of NGO donationsNGOs programmed to
Donate $DA additional per incremental DALY from disease A
Donate $DB additional per incremental DALY from disease B
Euler equation: Efficient allocation when DA=DB
What happens when DA<DB or DA>DB ?
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Results Holding DA Fixed
Ordered Pairs DA:DB
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Results Holding DB Fixed
Ordered Pairs DA:DB
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Discussion
• After a threshold increasing donations on behalf of curing diseases harms overall population health• Effects driven by the doctor’s lobby
and a zero-sum budget for prevention and cure
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Sensitivity Analysis 1
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Sensitivity Analysis 2
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Sensitivity analyses
Qualitative results not sensitive to: DALY weights
Except if DALY weights for A or B set to zero Lobbying power weight parameters
Except if DALY weights for A or B set to zero
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Discussion
This is not a model of real diseases or a real country
Just a demonstration of zero-sum budgeting meeting the basic asymmetric economics of health Curing is more remunerative than preventing
Is it real? (See above)Could there be places where the “cure” lobby is
making populations sicker?
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Examples of system dynamics research
• Atun, R. A., R. Lebcir, et al. (2005). "Impact of an effective multidrug-resistant tuberculosis control programme in the setting of an immature HIV epidemic: system dynamics simulation model." Int J STD AIDS 16(8): 560-570.
• Clouth, #160, et al. (2009). Evaluating Health Care using System Dynamics Modelling - a Case Study in Schizophrenia. Stuttgart, Germany, Thieme.
• Rwashana, A. S., D. W. Williams, et al. (2009). "System dynamics approach to immunization healthcare issues in developing countries: a case study of Uganda." Health Informatics J 15(2): 95-107.
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Future directions
• Examine NACCHO and ASTHO databases to assess prevalence of a common prevention/cure budget
• Assess impact of PEPFAR donations for cure on performance of preventive public health functions in Africa