Determinants Of Healthy Family

Presented By : Nawaraj Adhikari

BPH 3rd Batch(3rd Year)

Roll No: 10

Chitwan Medical College

At The End Of This Class We Will Be Able To :

Define various determinants of healthy

family.

Analyze socioeconomic, educational,

employment, cultural and gender status of

Nepalese people.

Define barriers of health services utilization

in Nepal.

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Income and Social Status

Health status improves at each step up the

income and social hierarchy.

High income determines living conditions

such as safe housing and ability to buy

sufficient good food.

The healthiest populations/families are

those in societies which are prosperous and

have an equitable distribution of wealth.8/19/2016 3

Education

Health status improves with level of education.

Education is closely tied to socioeconomic status, and

effective education for children and lifelong learning for

adults are key contributors to health and prosperity for

individuals, families and ultimately for the country.

The evidence: Nepalese with low literacy skills are more

likely to be unemployed and poor, to suffer poorer health

and to die earlier than Nepalese with high levels of literacy.

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Employment and Working

Conditions

Unemployment, underemployment, stressful or

unsafe work are associated with poorer health.

People who have more control over their work

circumstances and fewer stress related demands of

the job are healthier and often live longer than

those in more stressful or riskier work and

activities.

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Social Support Networks

Support from families, friends and communities is

associated with better health.

Such social support networks could be very important in

helping people solve problems and deal with adversity, as

well as in maintaining a sense of mastery and control over

life circumstances.

The caring and respect that occurs in social relationships,

and the resulting sense of satisfaction and well-being, seem

to act as a buffer against health problems.

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Social Factors

Social determinants of health reflect the

social factors in which people are born, live,

learn, play, work, and age.

Also known as social determinants of health,

they impact a wide range of health,

functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes.

Poor health outcomes are often made worse

by the interaction between individuals and

their social environment.8/19/2016 7

Examples Of Social Determinants Include:

Availability of resources to meet daily needs, such aseducational and job opportunities, living wages/salaries,or healthful foods

Social norms and attitudes, such as discrimination

Exposure to crime, violence, and social disorder, such asthe presence of trash(i.e. statements or beliefs that areuntrue or make no sense)

Social support and social interactions

Exposure to mass media and emerging technologies, suchas the Internet or cell phones

Socioeconomic conditions, such as concentrated poverty

Quality schools

Public safety

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Physical Environments

The physical environment is an important determinantof healthy family.

At certain levels of exposure, contaminants in our air,water, food and soil can cause a variety of adversehealth effects, including cancer, birth defects, respiratoryillness and gastrointestinal ailments.

In the built environment, factors related to housing,indoor air quality, and the design of communities andtransportation systems can significantly influence ourphysical and psychological well-being.

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Examples of physical determinants include:

Natural environment, such as plants, weather, or climate

change

Built environment, such as buildings or transportation

Worksites, schools, and recreational settings

Housing, homes, and neighborhoods

Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards

Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities

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Health Services

Both access to health services and the

quality of health services can impact health.

Lack of access, or limited access, to health

services greatly impacts an individual’s

health status.

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Barriers to accessing health services include:

Lack of availability

High cost

Lack of health insurance coverage

Geographical difficulties

These barriers to accessing health services lead to:

Unmet health needs

Delays in receiving appropriate care

Inability to get preventive services

Hospitalizations that could have been prevented

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Individual Behavior

Individual behavior also plays a role in health outcomes. For example,

if an individual quits smoking, his or her risk of developing heart

disease is greatly reduced.

Many public health and health care interventions focus on changing

individual behaviors such as substance abuse, diet, and physical

activity. Positive changes in individual behavior can reduce the rates

of chronic disease .

Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills refer to those actions by

which individuals can prevent diseases and promote self-care, cope

with challenges, and develop self-reliance (i.e. Personal

independence), solve problems and make choices that enhance health.

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Definitions of lifestyle include not only individual

choices, but also the influence of social, economic, and

environmental factors on the decisions people make

about their health.

Examples of individual behavior determinants of health

include:

Diet

Physical activity

Alcohol, cigarette, and other drug use

Hand washing8/19/2016 14

Biology and Genetics

Some biological and genetic factors affect specific populations

more than others. For example, older adults are biologically

prone to being in poorer health than adolescents due to the

physical and cognitive effects of aging.

Sickle cell disease is a common example of a genetic

determinant of health. Sickle cell is a condition that people

inherit when both parents carry the gene for sickle cell. The gene

is most common in people with ancestors from West African

countries, Mediterranean countries, South or Central American

countries, India, Saudi Arabia and mid/far western terai region of

Nepal.

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Examples of biological and genetic determinants of health

include:

Age

Sex (e.g. hemophilia in which female are only acts as a carrier

and male are most prone to disease)

HIV status

Inherited conditions, such as sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia,

and cystic fibrosis

Carrying the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, which increases risk for

breast and ovarian cancer

Family history of heart disease

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Healthy Child Development

New evidence on the effects of early experiences on brain

development, school readiness and health in later life has sparked a

growing consensus about early child development as a powerful

determinant of health in its own right.

At the same time, we have been learning more about how all of the

other determinants of health affect the physical, social, mental,

emotional and spiritual development of children and youth.

Responsible parenthood play important role in healthy child

development process.

For example, a young person's development is greatly affected by his

or her housing and neighborhood, family income and level of parents'

education, access to nutritious foods and physical recreation, genetic

makeup and access to dental and medical care.8/19/2016 17

Gender

Gender refers to the array of society - determined roles, personality

traits, attitudes, behaviors, values, relative power and influence that

society ascribes to the two sexes on a differential basis.

"Gendered" norms influence the health system's practices and

priorities. Many health issues are a function of gender-based social

status or roles.

Gender based domestic violence, male dominating societies, lack

of women participation in health decision making process, etc will

affect greatly on overall concept of healthy family environment

which still persist in all around the globe including Nepal.

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Culture

Some persons or groups may face additional

health risks due to a socio-economic environment,

which is largely determined by dominant cultural

values that contribute to the perpetuation of

conditions such as marginalization, stigmatization,

loss or devaluation of language and culture and

lack of access to culturally appropriate health care

and services.

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REFERENCE

• http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr08/nhdr08.pdf

• http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2008/WHO_IER_CS

DH_08.1_eng.pdf

• http://www.cdha.nshealth.ca/halifax-community-

health-board/population-health/determinants-

health

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