MUHAMAD QHAIRUL AQMAL BIN ROSMIN

AND

JOSHUA FERNANDEZ

PRESENTING :

Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach,and has many possible causes. The main acute causesare excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use ofnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sometimesgastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injuryor burns

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many people

there are no symptoms. The most common symptoms include:

Nausea

Abdominal bloating

Abdominal pain

Vomiting

Indigestion

Burning or gnawing feeling in

the stomach between meals

or at night

Hiccups

Loss of appetite

Vomiting blood or coffee

ground-like material

Black, tarry stools

PREVENTION Avoid use of aspirin or NSAIDs if you are prone to gastritis.

1) Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol.

2) Replace two or three large meals a day with small mealsevery three hours or so

3) Avoid fast foods

4) Eat slow, chew thoroughly

5) Do chewing gum.

6) Stay away from foods that upset your stomach, especiallythose heavily seasoned, spicy and fried food

7) Avoid using aspirin, ibuprofen and other irritating foods

TREATMENTTreatment for gastritis usually involves:

Taking antacids and other drugs to reduce stomach acid, whichcauses further irritation to inflamed areas.

Avoiding hot and spicy foods.

For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor willprescribe a regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blockingdrug (used for heartburn).

If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shotswill be given.

Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose fromdairy or gluten from wheat.

Once the underlying problem disappears, the

gastritis usually does, too.

You should talk to your doctor before stopping

any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment

on your own.

The mortality is dependent on the etiology of the gastritis. Generally,most cases of gastritis are treatable once the etiology is determined.The exception to this is phlegmonous gastritis, which has a mortalityrate of 65%, even with treatment.

Massachusetts General Hospital

55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114

617-726-2000 TDD: 617-724-8800

http://www.massgeneral.org/conditions/condition.aspx?id=182

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites.

Results in vomiting or diarrhea.

It is often called the "stomach flu“.

Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Gastritis is the irritation and inflammation of the stomach's mucous lining.

Rotavirus infants and young children under 5.

Adenoviruses and astroviruses affect young children and sometimes

adults.

Noroviruses infect persons of all ages, including older children and

adults.

Rotaviruses; Noroviruses; Adenoviruses.

Anyone can get it.

• It spreads through contaminated food orwater, and contact with an infectedperson. The best prevention is frequenthand washing.

• Close contact with infected persons.

• Frequent hand washing and disinfection. Rotavirus gastroenteritis

can also be prevented by vaccines.

• Watery diarrhea and vomiting.

• Headache, fever, and stomach ache.

• Symptoms begin 1 to 2 days following infection, and may last for 1

to 10 days, depending on the virus.

By a physician on the

basis of the symptoms

and medical

examination.

Rotavirus infection can

be diagnosed by

laboratory testing of a

stool specimen.

Prevent severe loss of

fluids (dehydration) by

taking fluids.

Medications should be

avoided unless

recommended by a

physician.

People who died from gastroenteritis has more than

doubled from 1999 to 2007. The death rate from almost

7,000 to over 17,000 per year. Viral gastroenteritis is the

second most common illness in the U.S. (Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention)

NIDDKNational institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (also

information in Spanish)http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/

HEPATITIS C

Hepatitis C is a viral disease that leads to swelling (inflammation) of the liver.

CAUSES

Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Hepatitis C infection usually produces no signs or symptoms during

its earliest stages. When signs and symptoms do occur, they're

generally mild and flu-like and may include:

• Fatigue

• Fever

• Nausea or poor appetite

• Muscle and joint pains

• Tenderness in the area of your liver

• Individuals at high risk for

infection.

• Children born to chronically

infected mothers

• People who received blood, blood

products, or transplanted organs

prior to 1992

• Persons with abnormal levels of

liver enzymes in the blood

• Testing is recommended when

exposure to the virus is

suspected.

ORGANIZATION THAT FIGTHS HEPATITIS C

WILSON’S DISEASE

Wilson's disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), the British neurologist who first described the condition in 1912

WHAT IS WILSON’S DISEASE?

Wilson disease is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism.

You need a small amount of copper from food to stay healthy. Too much copper is poisonous.

This can cause damage to your brain, liver, and eyes.

SYMPTOMS

the most common one

KAYSER-FLEISCHER RINGSSymptons can appear in theages between 6-38

HEPATIC SYMPTOMS

· Fatty liver· Acute hepatitis· Resembling autoimmune hepatitis· Cirrhosis· Acute liver failure

NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRICSYMPTOMS

Movement disorders (tremor, involuntary movements

Dysautonomia

Migraine headaches

Insomnia

Seizures

Depresion

Psychosis

Personality changes

Neurotic behaviours

DIAGNOSIS

24 hour urine test for copper

Liver Biopsy

Kayser Fleischer rings

TREATMENT

Wilson disease is a very treatable condition. With proper therapy, disease progress can be halted and oftentimes symptoms can be improved. Treatment is aimed at removing excess accumulated copper and preventing its accumulation. Treatment for Wilson disease is a lifelong process. Patients may become progressively sicker from day to day, so immediate treatment can be critical. Treatment delays may cause irreversible damage.

REFERENCES• Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. American Association

for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49:1335-1374.

• Jou JH, Muir AJ. In the clinic. Hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:ITC6-1-ITC6-16.

• O'Leary JG, Davis GL. Hepatitis C. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 79.

• Rosen HR. Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection.N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2429-38.

• http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/21/news/la-heb-hepatitis-c-hiv-deaths-20120221

• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/faq.htm

• http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/243036.php

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html