DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TERMS

Robert AdamsBiology 120

Colonoscopy

Procedure where a gastroenterologist examines the inner lining of the large intestine, colon, and rectum.

Doctor takes pictures and tissue samples.

Colonoscopy

Considered to be a semi invasive procedure

Examines the entire length of the colon (5 feet)

Used as a means of visual diagnosis

Checks for polyps or abnormal growths

Colonoscopy

Mostly painless procedure performed on an outpatient basis

Usually takes less than 45 minutes

Everyone should have a colonoscopy by the age of 50

Patients should have a colonoscopy every 10 years after the age of 50

African Americans and patients with a family history of colon cancer should be tested sooner and more frequently.

ColonoscopyBowel Prep. Bowel prep takes

place at least 24 hours before the procedure.

Sometimes the doctor prescribes a laxative or an enema.

Nothing should be ingested 6 hours prior to the procedure.

Bowel prep is the removal of solid wastes from the digestive tract.

A clear liquid diet is mandatory.

Water , Gatorade, fat free broth, and strained fruit juices are permissible.

Colonoscopy

Patient will be given a sedative by IV.

Patient must lie on left side with knees drawn to the chest.

Doctor will insert a thin flexible lighted tube or the colonoscope into the anus until it reaches the cecum.

Colonoscopy

The colonoscope allows the doctor to add or remove water and air for additional cleansing of the colon.

It transmits an image to a computer screen.

The design also allows instruments to pass through the channel of the scope to remove tissue.

Colonoscopy

Risks Inform Doctor if…

Bleeding Infection Nausea Intestinal perforation Abdominal pain Bloating Gas Fever

Require blood thinners

Hypertension Diabetes Heart disease Arthritis medications Pregnant

ColonoscopyWhy? Colorectal caner

screening Used to diagnose

inflammatory bowel disease

Crohn’s disease Ulcerative colitis Used to investigate

changes in bowel habits Rectal bleeding Abdominal pain Unexplained weight loss

Hematochezia

The passage of fresh blood through the anus.

This blood is usually contained in the stool.

Hematochezia

The color of the blood during rectal bleeding is an indication of the location of the bleed.

Blood from the anus , rectum, and the sigmoid colon tends to be bright red.

Blood from the transverse colon and the right colon tends to be a dark red.

Blood from the upper GI tract tends to be dark black.

Hematochezia

The black looking blood in stool is called melena.

Melena is caused by blood being in the colon long enough for bacteria to start breaking it down chemically.

HematocheziaCauses Burst blood

vessels Dysentery Hemorrhoids Diverticulitis Colorectal cancer Inflammatory

bowel disease Ulcerative colitis

Hernioplasty

Hernia repair surgery

Surgical operation for the correction of a hernia.

A hernia is a bulging of internal organs or tissue through a defect in the body cavity.

Hernioplasty

There are many surgical procedures to correct hernias.

Hernioplasty specifically uses a synthetic mesh patch to reinforce the surrounding tissues.

Hernioplasty is considered to be a tension free repair.

HernioplastyProcedure During inguinal

hernioplasty a single long incision is made in the groin area.

Patches are sown over the weakened area in the abdominal wall after the hernia is posted back into position.

Hernioplasty

Who is at risk? Symptoms

Pregnant women People with family

history Patients suffering

from obesity

Bulge in area on the side of the pubic bone

Heavy feeling in the groin area

Pain in the groin area when coughing, lifting, or bending

Hernioplasty

Possible Complications Babies are at risk for

heart and lung complications

Reaction to anesthesia

Infection and bleeding Nerve damage Loss of blood supply

to the scrotum resulting in testicular atrophy

Damage to the cord that carries sperm from testicles to the penis that results in inability to father children

Damage to the femoral artery or vein

Hernioplasty

Other methods

Tension repair – the edges of the defect are sewn back together without any reinforcement or prosthesis

Laparoscopic repair - a telescope attached to a camera is inserted through a small incision that is made under the patient's belly button. The hernia defect is reinforced with a mesh and secured in position.

Serum Bilirubin

Bilirubin Serum Bilirubin

Yellowish pigment found in bile

Fluid made and broke down by the liver

A liver function blood test

Serum Bilirubin

How is it formed? Characteristics

A small amount of old red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells daily

Bilirubin is left over after these older blood cells are removed

Bilirubin is tested for in the blood and wastes.

Broken down by light Bilirubin is responsible

for the yellow color of urine and the color of feces as well.

Serum Bilirubin

Why would I be tested?

Normal Levels

Jaundice is the most common reason to check bilirubin levels

If suspected of having liver or gallbladder disease

0.3 to 1.9 mg/ dL

Serum Bilirubin

Causes for abnormal result Many drugs can change the

bilirubin levels in your blood. Erythroblastosis Hemolytic anemia Transfusion reaction Cirrhosis Hepatitis Cancer of the pancreas and

gallbladder Gilbert’s disease gallstones